Desalination coupled with salinity-gradient solar ponds

Lu, Haoliang; Walton, John C.; Swift, Allegra

doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(01)00160-6

Cited by 150 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…El Paso Solar Pond, with a surface area of 3000 m 2 and depth of 3.25 m, is a representative artificial pond. The highest documented temperature at the bottom of E1 Paso solar pond during 1991-1993 was 93 • C [62]. From 5-10 April 1999, after sufficient salt dissolved at the pond bottom, a salinity gradient was created rapidly.…”

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The temperature of the pond bottom increased at a rate of~1 • C per day from the ambient temperature of 17.4 • C on 6 April to 85 • C on 10 June 1999. After only two months, a temperature gradient with a maximum temperature difference between the surface and bottom brine of >70 • C was established [62]. Maximum temperatures of mboxtextgreater90 • C were documented from artificial ponds operated in Israel with MgCl 2 saturated brine at the bottom; experiments on a 1200 m 2 pond produced temperatures of 103 • C [60].…”

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This salinity-density structure may occur in waters with variable depths, but preferably <10 m because solar radiation is needed to penetrate the water column and heat the bottom. Typical solar-heated lake depths are 1.32 m in Medve Lake [53], 2 m in Hot Lake [54], 3.25 m in El Paso Solar Pond [62], and 7.5 m in Great Salt Lake [58].…”

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal or Solar Heating?

Wang

Lowenstein

2017

Minerals

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Elevated surface paleobrine temperatures (average 85.6 • C) are reported here from Cretaceous marine halites in the Maha Sarakham Formation, Khorat Plateau, Thailand. Fluid inclusions in primary subaqueous "chevron" and "cumulate" halites associated with potash salts contain daughter crystals of sylvite (KCl) and carnallite (MgCl 2 ·KCl·6H 2 O). Petrographic textures demonstrate that these fluid inclusions were trapped from the warm brines in which the halite crystallized. Later cooling produced supersaturated conditions leading to the precipitation of sylvite and carnallite daughter crystals within fluid inclusions. Dissolution temperatures of daughter crystals in fluid inclusions from the same halite bed vary over a large range (57.9 • C to 117.2 • C), suggesting that halite grew at different temperatures within and at the bottom of the water column. Consistency of daughter crystal dissolution temperatures within fluid inclusion bands and the absence of vapor bubbles at room temperature demonstrate that fluid inclusions have not stretched or leaked. Daughter crystal dissolution temperatures are reproducible to within 0.1 • C to 10.2 • C (average of 1.8 • C), and thus faithfully document paleobrine conditions. Microcrystalline hematite incorporated within halite crystals also indicate high paleobrine temperatures. We conclude that halite crystallized from warm brines rich in K-Mg-Na-Cl; sylvite and carnallite daughter crystals were nucleated during cooling of the warm brines sometime after deposition. Hothouse, hydrothermal, and solar-heating hypotheses are compared to explain the anomalously high surface paleobrine temperatures. Solar radiation stored in shallow density stratified brines is the most plausible explanation for the observed paleobrine temperatures and the progressively higher temperatures downward through the paleobrine column. The solar-heating hypothesis may also explain high paleobrine temperatures documented from fluid inclusions in other ancient halites.

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Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solar-heating Hypothesis: Solar Pond Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal or Solar Heating?

Wang

Lowenstein

2017

Minerals

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“…The Scarab AB system has been trialled on solar ponds in 2004 by University of Texas at El Paso sponsored by the US Bureau of Reclamation [134,135], and using solar thermal collectors in Spain and Mexico by the MEDESOL project starting in 2008 [136]. In 2011, a trial under the MEDESOL project lasting 4 months was reported, finding issues related to membrane wetting over the longer term, fluxes of up to 6.5 kg m…”

Section: Scarab Abmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Camacho

Dumée

Zhang

et al. 2013

Water

629

342

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Membrane distillation is a process that utilizes differences in vapor pressure to permeate water through a macro-porous membrane and reject other non-volatile constituents present in the influent water. This review considers the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent advances in membrane technology, module configurations, and the applications and economics of membrane distillation, and identifies areas that may lead to technological improvements in membrane distillation as well as the application characteristics required for commercial deployment. Keywordsa function of temperature, vapor pressure, and of the gas molecular mass K 0 membrane characteristic defined by Equation (9) Kn Knudsen number K(T) a function of temperature and molecular weight of the gas l mean free path of the molecules l m distance between parallel spacer fibres (m) LEP Limit Entry Pressure (kPa) M molecular mass (g/mol) M w molecular weights of water (g/mol) M a molecular weights of air (g/mol) n number of CNTs per unit cross section in bucky-paper P pressure in the air gap (kPa) half time to reach the maximum intensity-laser flash technique (s) t proportion of conductive heat (balance due to evaporative heat) loss through the membrane T mean temperature in the pores (K)

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“…Because the brine has a low thermal conductivity, heat losses by conduction are relatively small. The hot brine in the lower convective zone may then be used directly for heating (Rabl and Nielsen, 1975), thermal desalination (Lu et al, 2001;Suárez et al, 2010c), or for other low-temperature thermal applications (Kumar and Kishore, 1999). To investigate sustainable freshwater production using thermal desalination powered with solar energy, Suárez et al (2010aSuárez et al ( , 2011) constructed a 1.0-m depth experimental salt-gradient solar pond.…”

Section: Fiber-optic Distributed Temperature Sensing In Ecohydrologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Transfer in the Environment: Development and Use of Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing

Suárez¹,

Hausner²,

Dozier³

et al. 2011

Developments in Heat Transfer

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Desalination coupled with salinity-gradient solar ponds

Cited by 150 publications

References 8 publications

Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal or Solar Heating?

Anomalously High Cretaceous Paleobrine Temperatures: Hothouse, Hydrothermal or Solar Heating?

Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Heat Transfer in the Environment: Development and Use of Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing

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