Dermatological conditions of farmed Crocodilians: A review of pathogenic agents and their proposed impact on skin quality

Lott, Matthew J.; Moore, Rhiannon L.; Milic, Natalie L.; Power, Michelle; Shilton, Catherine M.; Isberg, Sally R.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.022

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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Section: Animal Sampling To Study Poxvirus Infection Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crocodiles remained in these pens until being moved into the finishing pens. Selection for finishing pens was dependent on size (135cm+), as well as the number and severity of skin defects [11], including poxvirus lesions. Smaller crocodiles (<1m) were hand caught, whereas larger crocodiles (>1m) were caught using electrical immobilisation [13].…”

Section: Farmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poxvirus lesions have been reported in a number of different crocodilians, including Caiman crocodilus fuscus, Caiman crocodilus yacare, C. porosus, Crocodylus johnstoni and Crocodylus niloticus [6,7,[9][10][11]. In C. porosus, poxvirus infection has been reported as a significant skin pathogen because if an individual is harvested with one or more poxvirus lesions, the lesion will result in an obvious defect on the finished leather product (4,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crocodilepox Virus Evolutionary Genomics Supports Observed Poxvirus Infection Dynamics on Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

Sarker

Isberg

Moran³

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Saltwater crocodilepox virus (SwCRV), belonging to the genus Crocodylidpoxvirus, are large DNA viruses posing an economic risk to Australian saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) farms by extending production times. Although poxvirus-like particles and sequences have been confirmed, their infection dynamics, inter-farm genetic variability and evolutionary relationships remain largely unknown. In this study, a poxvirus infection dynamics study was conducted on two C. porosus farms. One farm (Farm 2) showed twice the infection rate, and more concerningly, an increase in the number of early- to late-stage poxvirus lesions as crocodiles approached harvest size, reflecting the extended production periods observed on this farm. To determine if there was a genetic basis for this difference, 14 complete SwCRV genomes were isolated from lesions sourced from five Australian farms. They encompassed all the conserved genes when compared to the two previously reported SwCRV genomes and fell within three major clades. Farm 2′s SwCRV sequences were distributed across all three clades, highlighting the likely mode of inter-farm transmission. Twenty-four recombination events were detected, with one recombination event resulting in consistent fragmentation of the P4c gene in the majority of the Farm 2 SwCRV isolates. Further investigation into the evolution of poxvirus infection in farmed crocodiles may offer valuable insights in evolution of this viral family and afford the opportunity to obtain crucial information into natural viral selection processes in an in vivo setting.

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Section: Animal Sampling To Study Poxvirus Infection Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Farmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crocodilepox Virus Evolutionary Genomics Supports Observed Poxvirus Infection Dynamics on Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

Sarker

Isberg

Moran³

et al. 2019

Viruses

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“…Grossly, the lesions appeared less obvious after six months but were clearly visible on the light‐table (Figure C, G). From histology (Figure D,H), it is postulated that the degree of collagen displacement from the lymphohistiocytic aggregates will be restructured with less‐structured, finer collagen fibres and relatively more ground substance compared to normal dermis . Thus, the lesions will appear to “fade” but will be lucent when inspected on a light table leading to rejection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the lesions will appear to “fade” but will be lucent when inspected on a light table leading to rejection. Since tanning removes the epidermal layers, basement membrane and the ground substance between the collagen, as well as any lymphocytic material, leaving the lesions’ finer restructured collagen to collapse creating the characteristic “small pits in the hide”…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

First evidence of Kunjin strain of West Nile virus associated with saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) skin lesions

Isberg¹,

Moran²,

Araujo

et al. 2019

Aust Veterinary J

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Recently, the Kunjin strain of West Nile virus (WNVKUN) has been detected using qRT‐PCR in belly skin lesions of farmed juvenile saltwater crocodiles. This follows an established association between similar lesions and West Nile virus in American alligators. The lesions present as cutaneous lymphohistiocytic aggregates in the dermal layers of both species. While these lesion do not create an obvious defect on the live crocodile, upon tanning the lesion area collapses and does not uptake the dye evenly, thus reducing its aesthetic appeal. As a result, skins are being rejected jeopardising the economic viability of the Australian crocodile industry. Over 50 skin lesions have since been confirmed as WNVKUN‐positive and preliminary evidence of lesion restructuring is presented. Horizontal transmission of WNVKUN by mosquitoes is well‐established but other transmission routes, such as ingestion and cloacal shedding, need further evaluation. An infection trial is currently underway to ensure WNVKUN is the causative agent of these skin lesions.

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Histological determination of skin thickness in farmed Australian Crocodylus porosus

Slape

Milic

2022

Acta Histochemica

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Dermatological conditions of farmed Crocodilians: A review of pathogenic agents and their proposed impact on skin quality

Cited by 9 publications

References 74 publications

Crocodilepox Virus Evolutionary Genomics Supports Observed Poxvirus Infection Dynamics on Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

Crocodilepox Virus Evolutionary Genomics Supports Observed Poxvirus Infection Dynamics on Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

First evidence of Kunjin strain of West Nile virus associated with saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) skin lesions

Histological determination of skin thickness in farmed Australian Crocodylus porosus

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