Dermal toxicity studies of technical polychlorinated biphenyls and fractions thereof in rabbits

Vos, J.G.; Beems, Rudolf B.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(71)90294-8

Cited by 115 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Pathologic changes in the livers of the treated animals were, in general, the same as described in a previous study (Vos and Beems, 1971). These findings included centrolobular degeneration and liver cell atrophy, focal hyalin degeneration of the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, enlarged nuclei and loss of glycogen.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…The lesions were not yet so pronounced as in the prior study (Vos and Beems, 1971). Hexachlorobiphenyl induced skin damage, especially hyperplasia in the epidermal and folhcular epithelium as well as follicular plugging, was clearly less when compared with the Aroclor@ treated rabbits.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 48%

“…A slight hyperkeratosis was found in some control animals. This could be due to the treatment with isopropanol (6 ml/day); it was not found in the prior study (Vos and Beems, 1971) using a lower dose (1 ml/day). When the lymphoid system was examined, no outstanding differences were seen in spleen, appendix and lymph nodes between control and treated groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The performance of the dermal toxicity study was in general the same as described earlier (Vos and Beems, 1971). Because of the lower solubility of the hexachlorobiphenyl isomer when compared with the PCB mixture, 20 mg of the PCBs (instead of 120 mg in the prior study) were dissolved per milliliter of isopropanol.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin analyses of feces from the cecum, the macroscopical examination of tissues in Wood's light as parameters for chemical porphyria, and the hematological examination were done according to a former study (Vos and Beems, 1971). At necropsy, body and organ weights were determined.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Comparative toxicity study of 2,4,5,2?,4?,5?-hexachlorobiphenyl and a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture in rabbits

Vos

Notenboom-Ram

1972

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 48%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Comparative toxicity study of 2,4,5,2?,4?,5?-hexachlorobiphenyl and a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture in rabbits

Vos

Notenboom-Ram

1972

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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Halogenated Biphenyls

Mukerjee¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Polyhalogenated biphenyls are a family of compounds based on biphenyl as the parent compound. Chlorinated and brominated biphenyls have been manufactured for commercial purposes. There are 209 possible structural congeners of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and for polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) the same number of congeners can exist. A listing of all PCB congeners is given along with their Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) Registry numbers an identifying numbering system are given. PCBs used commercially are complex mixtures consisting of various PCB congeners and isomers. It has been estimated that in the United States a total of 1400 million pounds of PCBs were manufactured of which 150 million pounds were exported, and 3 million pounds were imported. Because of their nonflammability, thermal stability, outstanding dielectric properties, and resistance to chemical reactivity, PCBs have been used extensively as dielectric fluids in liquid‐cooled electric motors, transformers, capacitors; electromagnets, vacuum pumps, gas turbines, hydraulic fluids; heat‐transfer systems; voltage regulators, liquid‐filled cable, fluorescent light ballasts, electronic equipment; as plasticizers in synthetic resins, adhesives, surface coatings, sealants, printing and carbonless coping papers, pesticide extenders, inks, lubricants, and cutting oils. PCBs have also been used in slide mounting medium for oil immersion lens microscopy. Although PCBs are no longer produced and their use has been discontinued in most countries, many old equipment filled with PCBs are still in service today. World wide approximately 800,00 tons of PCBs are still in use. These equipments are the new sources of environmental contamination when PCBs start leaking or when the equipments are disposed of. Commercial production of polybrominated biphenyls in the United States began in 1970 and was discontinued in early 1977. The general population may be exposed to PCBs from a variety of sources, including food, ambient air, occupational settings, and consumer products. The major exposure routes to humans are through food. Accidental oral exposures to PCBs have been reported. In all cases, total PCB levels must be based on specific congener analysis or direct perchlorination rather than in terms of Aroclors because the congener patterns in environmental media and biological tissues usually do not match those in Aroclor fluids unless massive contamination has occurred (typical of spills and some occupational situations). Thus predictive models based on specific congener data must also be utilized. The less chlorinated congeners predominate in air samples from known contaminated areas and in water and wet deposition samples with temperature and the amount of sediment in river and water samples being important covariables. In contrast, the more highly chlorinated isomers with substituents at the 2,4,5 or 2′,4′,5′ positions tend to bioaccumulate in some crop vegetables, game animals, fish, and human tissue samples. PCBs in contaminated soils can be absorbed by plants and vegetables with shallow‐root systems to PCB contamination, although volatilization in this situation is also favored; erosion of such soils will also cause contamination of sediments. The more chlorinated congeners dominate in soils and sediments and the resident biota (cash crops, vegetables, fish, aquatic life). The absolute levels in any situation depend on which of the competing processes dominates. PCB mixtures produce low to moderate acute toxicity in mammalian species, but produce pronounced subacute and chronic toxicity. In contrast, invertebrates exhibit greater acute toxicity to PCBs (LC 50 s<1 mg/L). In addition, as reported for other halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs exhibit significant interspecies variability in toxicity. In considering the health effects of PCBs in animals, it is important to consider the isomer and congener composition of the PCBs, potential impurities, the length of exposure, and the species under investigation.

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Halogenated Biphenyls

Mukerjee¹,

Ruíz²

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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Polyhalogenated biphenyls are a family of compounds based on biphenyl as the parent compound. Chlorinated and brominated biphenyls have been manufactured for commercial purposes. There are 209 possible structural congeners of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and for polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) the same number of congeners can exist. A listing of all PCB congeners is given along with their Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) Registry numbers—an identifying numbering system. PCBs used commercially are complex mixtures consisting of various PCB congeners and isomers. It has been estimated that in the United States a total of 1400 million lb of PCBs was manufactured of which 150 million lb was exported and 3 million lb was imported. Because of their nonflammability, thermal stability, outstanding dielectric properties, and resistance to chemical reactivity, PCBs have been used extensively as dielectric fluids in liquid‐cooled electric motors, transformers, and capacitors; electromagnets, vacuum pumps, gas turbines, and hydraulic fluids; heat‐transfer systems; voltage regulators, liquid‐filled cable, fluorescent light ballasts, and electronic equipment; as plasticizers in synthetic resins, adhesives, surface coatings, sealants, printing and carbonless copying papers, pesticide extenders, inks, lubricants, and cutting oils. PCBs have also been used in slide mounting medium for oil immersion lens microscopy. Although PCBs are no longer produced and their use has been discontinued in most countries, many old equipments filled with PCBs are still in service today. Worldwide approximately 800,000 tons of PCBs is still in use. These equipments are the new sources of environmental contamination when PCBs start leaking or when the equipments are disposed of. Commercial production of polybrominated biphenyls in the United States began in 1970 and was discontinued in early 1977. The general population may be exposed to PCBs from a variety of sources, including food, ambient air, occupational settings, and consumer products. The major exposure routes to humans are through food. Accidental oral exposures to PCBs have been reported. In all cases, total PCB levels must be based on specific congener analysis or direct perchlorination rather than in terms of Aroclors because the congener patterns in environmental media and biological tissues usually do not match those in Aroclor fluids unless massive contamination has occurred (typical of spills and some occupational situations). Thus, predictive models based on specific congener data must also be utilized. The less chlorinated congeners predominate in air samples from known contaminated areas and in water and wet deposition samples with temperature and the amount of sediment in river and water samples being important covariables. In contrast, the more highly chlorinated isomers with substituents at the 2,4,5 or 2′,4′,5′ positions tend to bioaccumulate in some crop vegetables, game animals, fish, and human tissue samples. PCBs in contaminated soils can be absorbed by plants and vegetables with shallow root systems to PCB contamination, although volatilization in this situation is also favored; erosion of such soils will also cause contamination of sediments. The more chlorinated congeners dominate in soils and sediments and the resident biota (cash crops, vegetables, fish, aquatic life). The absolute levels in any situation depend on which of the competing processes dominates. PCB mixtures produce low to moderate acute toxicity in mammalian species, but produce pronounced subacute and chronic toxicity. In contrast, invertebrates exhibit greater acute toxicity to PCBs (LC 50 < 1 mg/L). In addition, as reported for other halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs exhibit significant interspecies variability in toxicity. In considering the health effects of PCBs in animals, it is important to consider the isomer and congener composition of the PCBs, potential impurities, the length of exposure, and the species under investigation.

show abstract

Dermal toxicity studies of technical polychlorinated biphenyls and fractions thereof in rabbits

Cited by 115 publications

References 21 publications

Comparative toxicity study of 2,4,5,2?,4?,5?-hexachlorobiphenyl and a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture in rabbits

Comparative toxicity study of 2,4,5,2?,4?,5?-hexachlorobiphenyl and a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture in rabbits

Halogenated Biphenyls

Halogenated Biphenyls

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