Dermal microfilariae of dogs, jackals and cats in different regions of Iran

Sazmand, Alireza; Bahiraei, Zahra; Nemati, Farzad; Annoscia, Giada; Bezerra‐Santos, Marcos Antônio; Naveed, Hassan; Salemi, Amir Masoud; Mousavi, Seyed Mahmoud; Sadjjadi, Seyed Mahmoud; Otranto, Domenico

doi:10.1186/s13071-021-05141-2

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…), which are commonly found infesting dogs in tropical, subtropical and some temperate regions worldwide [ 18 ]. Many studies have demonstrated that the distribution of these filarioids overlaps that of R. sanguineus s.l., with reports in ticks and dogs from Africa [ 19 ], Asia [ 20 ], Middle East [ 21 ], Europe [ 15 , 17 , 19 , 22 – 27 ], North America [ 28 , 29 ] and South America [ 30 – 33 ] (Table 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

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Cercopithifilaria spp. of dogs: little known but prevalent filarioids beneath the skin

Bezerra-Santos,

Dantas-Torres,

Ramos

et al. 2023

Parasites Vectors

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Filarioids of the genus Cercopithifilaria are little studied, yet widespread parasites, that are relatively unique in being one of the very few nematodes transmitted by hard ticks. These filarioids live in the subcutis while microfilariae are found in the dermis. Definitive hosts include domestic dogs as well as a wide range of vertebrates, such as ruminants, non-human primates, murids, marsupials, porcupines, viverrids, bears and lagomorphs. The genus Cercopithifilaria contains three taxa (i.e. C. bainae, C. grassii and a yet undescribed species, namely Cercopithifilaria sp. II) that are known to infect dogs worldwide, with their occurrence overlapping the distribution of the main tick vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. In recent decades, more attention has focused on these filarioids since they have been associated with clinical signs of infection, such as dermatitis, chronic polyarthritis and cutaneous cysts, and possibly with facilitating infections caused by other tick-borne pathogens. Nevertheless, these parasites remain largely underdiagnosed in clinical practice due to the lack of awareness of veterinary practitioners and to major obstacles to their diagnosis. In this review, we have assessed currently available data on Cercopithifilaria spp. infecting dogs worldwide and discussed the biological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of these filarioids, with the overall aim to gain a better understanding of their potential role in skin diseases. Graphical abstract

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The biology of Cercopithifilaria spp. has received more attention in the last decades following the detection of mfs of these skin-dwelling filarioids in dogs from several regions across the globe [ 15 , 21 – 23 , 28 , 31 ]. The finding of infective L3s of C. grassii in R. sanguineus s.l.…”

Section: Biological Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Cercopithifilaria spp. of dogs: little known but prevalent filarioids beneath the skin

Bezerra-Santos,

Dantas-Torres,

Ramos

et al. 2023

Parasites Vectors

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“…Some species may have global distribution such as Cercopithifilaria bainae , specifically associated with dogs and R. sanguineus s.l. , which was first formally identified in Brazil [ 3 ], and further in Europe [ 41 , 56 , 65 ], Asia [ 13 , 45 ], Iran [ 61 ], North America [ 23 , 47 ], and now in French Guiana (this study). The other filarioids we characterized in French Guiana have not been detected anywhere and their transmission cycles remain unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Molecular detection of Cercopithifilaria, Cruorifilaria and Dipetalonema-like filarial nematodes in ticks of French Guiana

Binetruy

Duron

2023

Parasite

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Filarial nematodes of the Dipetalonema lineage are widespread parasites and include some species that are transmitted by ticks. In this study, we conducted a large molecular survey of ticks in French Guiana, South America, to understand the overall diversity of tick-borne filarioids in this remote region largely covered by dense tropical forests. Out of 682 ticks belonging to 22 species and 6 genera, 21 ticks (3.1%) of the species Amblyomma cajennense, A. oblongoguttatum, A. romitii, Ixodes luciae and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato were positive for infection by filarioids. Molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis identified all these filarioids as members of the Dipetalonema lineage. While the filarioid of R. sanguineus sensu lato is a previously described species, the canine worm Cercopithifilaria bainae Almeida & Vicente, 1984, all other filarioids detected in this study are related but distinct to already known species in the genera Cercopithifilaria, Cruorifilaria and Dipetalonema. Their vertebrate host range may include a wide variety of mammals present in French Guiana, but dogs, capybaras, and opossums are the best candidate hosts for some of these filarioids. Although the detection of members of the Dipetalonema lineage in ticks of significant medical or veterinary interest is of concern, the risk of contracting a tick-borne filarial infection is still largely unknown. The pathogenicity of these filarioids, their epidemiology, developmental cycles, and mechanisms of transmission by South American tick species now require further study.

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“…In conclusion, ticks transmit a broader range of infectious agents than any other arthropod vector, but their role as vectors of filarioids is less well-documented. The recurring identification of the Dipetalonema lineage species in major tick genera on most continents [2,12,17,19,31,35,37,42,46,47] confirms that these are widespread but overlooked tick-borne parasites. Further research is needed to understand their pathogenicity, epidemiology, developmental cycles, and transmission mechanisms by ticks, including DLF in A. cajennense and I. luciae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-locus sequence analysis unveils a novel genus of filarial nematodes associated with ticks in French Guiana

Bruley,

Duron

2024

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Filarial nematodes of the Dipetalonema lineage include tick-borne filarioids that infect both domestic and wild vertebrate hosts, but they remain understudied in many cases. In this study, we conducted a molecular characterization of a Dipetalonema-like filarioid (DLF) recently identified in two tick species in French Guiana, South America. While the cox1 mitochondrial gene was the sole marker initially sequenced for describing DLF, its classification and phylogenetic relationship with other members of the Dipetalonema lineage were unclear. Therefore, we better characterized DLF through the sequencing of six additional gene markers and conducted phylogenetic analyses. Based on this multi-locus typing scheme, DLF exhibited significant divergence from known genera and species of filarioids, or other sequences available in public databases, suggesting its potential classification as a novel genus within the Dipetalonema lineage. Phylogenetic analyses further unveiled a close evolutionary relationship between DLF and all other filarioids associated with Acari (ticks and mites) within a robust monophyletic subclade in the Dipetalonema lineage. Overall, these findings confirm the existence of a specialized, Acari-borne group of filarioids and underscore the need for comprehensive investigations into their epidemiology and potential impact on animal health.

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Dermal microfilariae of dogs, jackals and cats in different regions of Iran

Cited by 6 publications

References 47 publications

Cercopithifilaria spp. of dogs: little known but prevalent filarioids beneath the skin

Cercopithifilaria spp. of dogs: little known but prevalent filarioids beneath the skin

Molecular detection of Cercopithifilaria, Cruorifilaria and Dipetalonema-like filarial nematodes in ticks of French Guiana

Multi-locus sequence analysis unveils a novel genus of filarial nematodes associated with ticks in French Guiana

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