Dermal Drug Levels of Antibiotic (Cephalexin) Determined by Electroporation and Transcutaneous Sampling (ETS) Technique

Abstract

The purpose of this project was to assess the validity of a novel "Electroporation and transcutaneous sampling (ETS)" technique for sampling cephalexin from the dermal extracellular fluid (ECF). This work also investigated the plausibility of using cephalexin levels in the dermal ECF as a surrogate for the drug level in the synovial fluid. In vitro and in vivo studies were carried out using hair less rats to assess the workability of ETS. Cephalexin (20mg/kg) was administered i.v. through tail vein and the time course of drug concentration in the plasma was determined. In the same rats, cephalexin concentration in the dermal ECF was determined by ETS and microdialysis techniques. In a separate set of rats, only intraarticular microdialysis was carried out determine the time course of cephalexin concentration in synovial fluid. The drug concentration in the dermal ECF determined by ETS and microdialysis did not differ significantly from each other and so as were the pharmacokinetic parameters. The results provide validity to the ETS technique. Further, there was a good correlation (~0.9) between synovial fluid and dermal ECF levels of cephalexin indicating that dermal ECF levels could be used as a potential surrogate for cephalexin concentration in the synovial fluid.

Cutaneous Microdialysis

“…A subsequent study with glucose [89] used 30 pulses (1 ms, 120 V/cm 2 ) in the absence of SDS, and a good correlation (r 2 = 0.87) was observed between the rats' venous concentration and the glucose extracted transdermally. Finally, other studies, also in vivo in rats, applied 30 electrical pulses (10 ms, 120 V/cm 2 , 1 Hz) in the absence of SDS to extract ciprofloxacin, 8-methoxypsoralen [87], and cephalexin [88] (Table 6.2). The drugs were collected after electroporation treatment, with the extracted levels correlating well with those obtained via microdialysis; however, transdermal drug recovery was drug dependent, being lower for cephalexin and 8-methoxypsoralen.…”

“…Extensive work on skin sampling via electroporation has been done by Murthy et al who investigated the transcutaneous extraction of drugs (salicylic acid [85], acyclovir [86], ciprofloxacine [87], 8-methoxypsoralen [87], cephalexin [88]), and glucose [89]. In vivo studies were done on rats; briefly, the collection chamber was filled with 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) and 10-15 pulses (1 ms, 120 V, 1 Hz) were applied.…”

Formulation of microemulsions for dermal delivery of cephalexin

“…The mainly usage of CEM in the treatment is the susceptible infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin because of their safety profile 23 . CEM is mostly used because of its activity against both the gram-positive and gram negative microorganisms 11 .…”

“…The most commonly occurring infections in people are skin infections 11 . Microbial invasions into skin and the soft tissues underneath the skin are defined as Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs).…”

“ChilDrive”: A Technique of Combining Regional Cutaneous Hypothermia with Iontophoresis for the Delivery of Drugs to Synovial Fluid

“…In this study, microdialysis technique was employed as a tool to investigate the time course of drug concentration in the synovial fluid (22,23). The in vivo probe recovery was performed using retrodialysis method and was found to be 19.28±4.99% for diclofenac sodium and 23.01±5.48% for prednisolone sodium phosphate.…”