Derivative Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Discrete Wavelet Transform for the Simultaneous Determination of Codeine and Thebaine by Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract

The main problem that limits the application of Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) in simultaneous determinations is the presence of background interference, which affects the accurate multicomponent determinations due to the overlapping of the voltammetric signals. This study represents the chemometrics processing of a series of the first-derivative LSVs, recorded on a glassy carbon electrode modified with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Poly L-methionine, using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to compress the resulting data and feedforward back-propagation Artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the simultaneous determination of codeine and thebaine, as two opium alkaloids. Linear univariate calibration curves using first-derivative voltammograms were obtained in the ranges 2-1000 μM for codeine (at E p = 814 mV) and 5-500 μM for thebaine (at E p = 741 mV), respectively. Besides, the excellent regression parameters for the comparison graphs of ANNs and satisfactory recoveries in real serum samples in the ranges 98-102 % for codeine and 90-107 % for thebaine indicate the applicability of the proposed method for routine simultaneous analyses.

Electrochemical Quantification of Tyrosine in the Presence of Analogous Amino Acids

“…High porosity, high surface/volume ratio, and morphology caused NiO NPs to have suitable electrochemical sensing. Due to its extensive modulation range of electro‐chromic activity it acts as efficient electron mediator in electrochemical sensors based on the outstanding catalytic future of the Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox system [60–70] …”

“…Due to its extensive modulation range of electro-chromic activity it acts as efficient electron mediator in electrochemical sensors based on the outstanding catalytic future of the Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox system. [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]…”

The Experimental Design Approach in Square‐Wave Voltammetric Determination of Tamoxifen by NiO‐CPE**

“…Thus, NiO NPs, as the electrochemical sensor, act as efficient electron mediators due to the unusual catalytic activity of the Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox system. Finally, NiO has been widely used for constructing fuel and solar cells (dye-sensitized solar cells), gas sensors, electrochemical sensors, adsorbents, supercapacitor materials, anodic materials in Li-ion batteries, transparent electrodes, photocatalyst, etc.. [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] Optimization is a method in which the highest overall process efficiency could be achieved with no increase in the cost by choosing the best elements from sets of influencing alternatives, called independent variables) On the other hand, the best characteristics and performances can be reached under optimized conditions. Two well-known optimization methods are OFAT and DOE methods.…”

“…Finally, NiO has been widely used for constructing fuel and solar cells (dye‐sensitized solar cells), gas sensors, electrochemical sensors, adsorbents, supercapacitor materials, anodic materials in Li‐ion batteries, transparent electrodes, photocatalyst, etc. [55–63] …”