Der heutige Stand des Fetalisationsproblems

Starck, Dietrich

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1962.tb01238.x

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For example, the male grizzly bear neonate (USNM 259097) and the neonatal dog have all the other major cranial sutures closed (SI = 16), while many such as the male sloth bear, the black bear, one of the polar bears and the arctic fox, have only a few closed sutures (SI 2−6). The suture development in the newborn dog observed here is consistent with the study of cranial suture development in terrier and Pekingese neonates (Starck, ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Comparative skeletal anatomy of neonatal ursids and the extreme altriciality of the giant panda

Smith

2019

Journal of Anatomy

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Mammalian neonates are born at a wide range of maturity levels. Altricial newborns are born with limited sensory agency and require extensive parental care. In contrast, precocial neonates are relatively mature physically and often capable of independent function shortly after birth. In extant mammals, placental newborns vary from altricial to precocial, while marsupials and monotremes are all extremely altricial at birth. Bears (family Ursidae) have one of the lowest neonatal−maternal mass ratios in placental mammals, and are thought to also have the most altricial placental newborns. In particular, giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are thought to be exceptionally altricial at birth, and possibly marsupial‐like. Here we used micro‐computer (micro‐computed) tomography scanning to visualize the skeletal anatomy of ursid neonates and compare their skeletal maturity with the neonates of other caniform outgroups. Specifically, we asked whether ursid neonates have exceptionally altricial skeletons at birth compared with other caniform neonates. We found that most bear neonates are similar to outgroup neonates in levels of skeletal ossification, with little variation in degree of ossification between ursine bears neonates (i.e. bears of the subfamily Ursinae). Perinatal giant pandas, however, have skeletal maturity levels most similar to a 42−45‐day‐old beagle fetus (~70% of total beagle gestation period). No bear exhibits the skeletal heterochronies seen in marsupial development. With regards to skeletal development, ursine bears are not exceptionally altricial relative to other caniform outgroups, but characterized largely by the drastic difference between newborn and adult body sizes. A review on the existing hypotheses for ursids’ unique reproductive strategy suggests that the extremely small neonatal−maternal mass ratio of ursids may be related to the recent evolution of large adult body size, while life history characteristics retained an ancestral condition. A relatively short post‐implantation gestation time may be the proximal mechanism behind the giant panda neonates’ small size relative to maternal size and altricial skeletal development at birth.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Comparative skeletal anatomy of neonatal ursids and the extreme altriciality of the giant panda

Smith

2019

Journal of Anatomy

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“…Grouping puppies into these three categories allowed highlighting significant differences among them. Linear measures almost constantly identified two groups: brachycephalic vs non-brachycephalic morphotype ( Fig 3 ), as previously described by Starck [ 35 ]. Anatomy and radiography provided contrasting results about the indices.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…To the authors’ knowledge, the only exception is represented by two studies on German Shepherd puppies [ 22 , 23 ]. However, it has been postulated that in brachycephalic breeds the skull shape is generated before birth and continues its development after birth [ 35 ]. Recently, an allometric study was performed on newborn puppies belonging to small-sized breeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel contributions in canine craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies

et al. 2018

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The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p<0.05, for all comparisons). Radiographic and anatomic measures proved to be non-interchangeable in newborn puppies. Finally, nineteen puppies belonging to 5 non-categorized breeds could be classified thanks to neural nets in the three skull morphotypes with different probability (P between 0,66 and 0,95).

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“…This allometric relation between brain size and body size was already known in the 18th century, and Albrecht von Haller (1708Haller ( -1777 was the first to point to a relation between brain and body weight, as several authors have recognized (Klatt 1913;Starck 1962;Pirlot 1987). Since von Haller, generations of anatomists, morphologist, physiologists, and statisticians have discussed this biological phenomenon, important regarding ontogeny, evolution, domestication, and morphology.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…In the 20th and 21st century several authors (Klatt 1913;Rensch 1958;Starck 1962;Pirlot 1987;Kruska 2005) mentioned that the negative allometry between brain size (weight) and body size (weight) is named ''Haller's law'': )war den Anatomen des 18. Jahrhunderts so gut bekannt, dass man dem berühmtesten derselben zu Ehren auch wohl von einem Hallerschen Gesetz gesprochen hat .…”

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“Haller’s law” (1762): The observation of a relation between brain weight and body weight by Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777)

Lüps

2010

Mammalian Biology

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Der heutige Stand des Fetalisationsproblems

Cited by 15 publications

References 22 publications

Comparative skeletal anatomy of neonatal ursids and the extreme altriciality of the giant panda

Comparative skeletal anatomy of neonatal ursids and the extreme altriciality of the giant panda

Novel contributions in canine craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies

“Haller’s law” (1762): The observation of a relation between brain weight and body weight by Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777)

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