Der Bau Der Sehnen Während Verschiedener Altersperioden Und Unter Wechselnden Funktionellen Bedingungen. I

Ingelmark, Bo E.

doi:10.1159/000140347

Cited by 32 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless in the cases investigated there is a significant difference in this ratio between the young and the adult ( Table 3). Inglemark (1945) found that the cross-sectional area of the tendo calcaneus grew by 25 yo more in rabbits which ran up to 700 m. daily on a fast-moving endless band between the ages of 6 and 37 weeks than in unexercised controls. In the adult rabbit the ratio is even greater in semitendinosus, a slow-acting red muscle with presumably prolonged postural activity.…”

Section: Tendon Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 92%

Structure and Function of Mammalian Tendon

1965

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Summary 1. Tendons are a specialized form of connective tissue uniting muscle and bone and as such have functions essential to normal mobility. 2. The structural unit of tendon is the fibre, up to 300 µ in diameter, consisting of fibrils of collagen, encircled by the anastomosing processes of fibroblasts. Fibres are arranged in fasciculi but may pass from one to another so that successive cross‐sections show slightly different appearances. Such interweaving ensures the equal distribution of muscular tension over the whole area of insertion, particularly where the movement of a joint alters the angle between tendon and bone. 3. There are two hypotheses concerning the nature of the muscle‐tendon junction. First, the tension developed within a muscle fibre might be transmitted to the helical perisarcolemmal fibres of connective tissue surrounding its length and thence to the tendon, and secondly, and more probably, the tension might be transmitted directly from the end of the myofibrils to the interdigitating fibrils of the tendon. The interdependence of muscle and tendon is further illustrated by their longitudinal growth since the changing length of the muscle belly relative to the distance between the bony attachments determines the rate of growth and relative length of tendon. 4. The orientation of fibrous tissue in the tendon supports the hypothesis of a mechanical influence upon tendon growth, but there is no strict relationship between muscle strength and tendon thickness and various muscles differ in the ratio of their total fascicular cross‐sectional area to tendon thickness. It would appear that this difference develops post‐natally and, since a red postural muscle has a relatively thick tendon, it has been suggested that the duration as well as the level of transmitted tension might influence the growth of collagen. 5. Tendon thickness may increase proportionately with muscle cross‐sectional area in conditions which cause the muscle to hypertrophy, but when the muscle is de‐nervated or excised in the young animal growth of tendon thickness occurs in such a manner as to suggest that the growth of collagen is determined by the history of the total tension transmitted. 6. The tendon has a tensile strength which is probably four times as great as the maximum tension that it has to transmit in vivo and an even greater margin of safety is present in penniform muscles which transmit less maximum isometric tetanic tension per unit fascicular cross‐sectional area than do fusiform muscles. Although the wave form seen on the surface of a tendon when at rest is eliminated by less than 10 % of the maximum tension which its muscle is liable to transmit, it is possible that the normal range of tensions transmitted in vivo might fall within that part of the stress‐strain curve where the tendon is still easily extensible.

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Section: Tendon Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 92%

Structure and Function of Mammalian Tendon

1965

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“…In view of the magnitude and intensity of connective tissue research in both basic and applied areas, fairly little is known about the connective tissue of skeletal muscle, particularly as to the effects of physical exercise and training. Physical training is known to affect both the physical and chemical properties of several other connective tissues (Booth & Gould 1975, Ingelmark 1945, 1948, Tipton et al 1967, 1970, 1975, Viidik 1967, 1968). As to skeletal muscle, previous animal experiments have shown that there exists an obvious connection between the synthesis of the components of muscle tissue and muscle connective tissue both in hypertrophied skeletal (Turto et al 1974) and heart (Lindy et al 1972) muscles.…”

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confidence: 99%

Connective tissue of “fast” and “slow” skeletal muscle in rats…effects of endurance training

Kovanen

Suominen

Heikkinen

1980

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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The connective tissue of two skeletal muscles having different contractile properties was investigated in trained and untrained rats. The animals to be trained were put to run on a treadmill 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The "slow" m. soleus (MS) showed higher malate dehydrogenase activity but lower lactate dehydrogenase activity compared to the "fast" m. rectus femoris (MRF). When whole muscles were taken into account, the concentrations of both hydroxyproline and hexosamines were higher for MS compared to MRF. In the middle section of MS there were more hexosamines than in that of MRF, but no similar difference existed in hydroxyproline. The histochemical staining of collagen, however, suggested that there is also more internal collagen for MS as against MRF. It can be supposed that collagen of MRF and MS is differently distributed in different muscle connective tissue components. Compared to MS, the solubility of collagen was higher in MRF, whereas no significant difference between the muscles existed in the prolyl hydroxylase activity. The concentrations of hydroxyproline and hexosamines or the solubility of collagen were not affected by the training given, but the activity of prolyl hydroxylase was increased in MS suggesting that the metabolism of collagen may be accelerated by physical training.

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“…The morphological reaction of collagenous tissue in the locomotor system to increased hnctional demands was studied by Ingelmark (1945), who found that animals trained at a very early age enlarged the cross-sectional areas of their Achilles tendons and gastrocnemius muscles but only of the muscles when the training was performed on older animals (Ingelmark 1948). Training made medium sized tendons stronger when tested alone even when no quantitative changes occurred (Viidik 1968 b) but no definite conclusions could be made on the whole functional system consisting of calcaneus-tendo Achilles-m. gastrocnemius-femur as the intra-group variation was considerable in this study (Viidik 1968 a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Elasticity and Tensile Strength of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Rabbits as Influenced by Training

Viidik

1968

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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VIIDIK, A. Elasticity and tensile strength of the anterior cruciate ligament in rabbits as injwnced by training. Acta physiol. scand. 1968. 74, 372-380.The effects of training in a running machine were studied on nineteen rabbits while seventeen of the same stock were used as controls. The rabbits were at the start of the training period about three months old and the mechanical tests were performed forty weeks later. Tensile strength and elasticity tests were performed on anterior cruciate ligaments from their knee joints utilizing the femur and the tibia as fixture points. It is concluded that the weakest point in the system of tibialigamentum cruciatum anterius-femur is one of the bony attachments and most often the tibia1 one. The energy required to break the system is increased by training and so are the maximun load and the deformation at that point. All these phenomena can be accounted for by strengthening of the bones. The elasticity tests, however, show a larger load-relaxation phenomenon in the ligaments from the trained animals and it occurs with a higher speed, indicating altered viscous properties. I t is concluded that these changes must be qualitative changes occurring in the ligamentous tissue.

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Der Bau Der Sehnen Während Verschiedener Altersperioden Und Unter Wechselnden Funktionellen Bedingungen. I

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Structure and Function of Mammalian Tendon

Structure and Function of Mammalian Tendon

Connective tissue of “fast” and “slow” skeletal muscle in rats…effects of endurance training

Elasticity and Tensile Strength of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Rabbits as Influenced by Training

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