Depth dose determinations I. Tissue-equivalent liquids for Standard Man and muscle

Frigerio, Norman A.; Coley, R.F.; Sampson, Matthew J

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/17/6/005

Cited by 41 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…To determine if the RBE changes with depth, mice in plastic boxes, breathing air Ipumped through the boxes, were exposed to 100rad of neutrons at depths ranging from 2 to 27 cm in tissue equivalent fluid (FRIGERIO et al, 1972). The X-ray dose required to produce the same decrease in testicular DNA content at each depth was used to determine the RBE as a function of depth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Estimate of the Patient Risk in Cyclotron Neutron Radiotherapy Using Mouse Testes As a Biological Test System

Jp¹,

Kl²,

Pd³

et al. 1975

Health Physics

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Decrease in mouse testes DNA 28 days after exposure has been used to biologically characterize the University of Washington fast neutron radiotherapy facility. The cyclotron fast neutron RBE for testes damage was found to be independent of depth in a tissue equivalent absorber. However, the RBE increased with decreasing field size and was greater in the penumbra as compared to the primary beam.The rad dose in the shielded region of the facility was 2.8 % of the primary beam rad dose with a patient phantom in the primary beam. Under these conditions, the average RBE for testes damage was 4.9 in the shielded region as compared to 3.0 in the primary beam. Measurement of Na activation at depths in an absorber indicated that neutrons in the shielded region are fairly penetrating. Based on these and other data, an estimate of the lethal carcinogenesis risk to a patient population receiving neutron therapy is 2 % over a 15-yr period and 18 % over a 30-yr period post-therapy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Estimate of the Patient Risk in Cyclotron Neutron Radiotherapy Using Mouse Testes As a Biological Test System

Jp¹,

Kl²,

Pd³

et al. 1975

Health Physics

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“…A number of such materials were formulated, particularly in the liquid and gel phase (14,15,30,36). If a substitute is elementally correct and has the correct bulk density, the only source of error in the absorbed dose calculations from measurements in the phantom material will be phase differences due to differences in chemical binding.…”

Section: Methods Of Elemental Equivalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Phantom Materials in Radiology

Watanabe

Constantinou

2006

Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation

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In radiology, phantoms are utilized to estimate radiation dose delivered to patients and evaluate the quality of imaging systems. Hence, the material of the phantoms should closely mimic the human tissue; in particular, the radiological characteristics of the material must be similar to that of the tissue. This article reviews materials used to manufacture phantoms for radiology applications. In the first section, basic physics relevant to the phantom material and radiation interaction with matter is discussed. A brief history of the phantom material for radiology is offered. The second section gives extensive discussion on the materials mainly developed by D.R.White, C.Constantinou, and co‐workers in late 1970s to early 1980s. Their materials were made based on epoxy resin. They produced tissue‐equivalent materials mimicking 15 different tissue types. Detailed description on manufacturing methods and the results of evaluation is presented. Since their seminal work other investigators developed tissue‐equivalent materials by using polyethylene and polyurethane as base. Short discussion on those newer developments is given. The third section presents, how those materials are used for radiation dosimetry, radiation therapy, and diagnostic radiology. Our discussion on applications will be limited to the phantoms used with photons and electrons since most medical applications utilize those particles. The last section is devoted to speculative discussion on what types of phantom and material will be developed in the near future.

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“…where, tissue (fat and muscle) areas were determined according to the thresholds derived above (section 2.4), cross-sectional thickness (15 mm), and assuming fixed values for tissue density (Fat = 0.918mg/mm 3 , Muscle = 1.062mg/mm 3 ) (Nord & Payne, 1995;Frigerio et al, 1972).…”

Section: Tissue and Total Primal Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling trimmed fat from commercial primal cuts

Laurenson¹,

Walmsley²,

Oddy³

et al. 2013

Piantadosi, J., Anderssen, R.S. And Boland J. (Eds) MODSIM2013, 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation

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A number of studies over the last five years have been conducted to determine total body fat (kg) in cattle and subsequently retail beef yield. Abattoirs are not consistent in the quantity of fat they trim off commercial bone-out primal cuts (e.g., striploin, cube roll etc.). The trimming of fat on a single primal by different abattoirs can range from 3 to 7 mm. If a relationship between mm of fat trimmed and kg of fat removed from primal cuts was developed then total body fat (kg) from commercial slaughters could then be estimated. The estimate of total body fat would assist in establishing a method for determining denuded yield which would then be used as a national standard for describing retail beef yield independent of abattoir. The estimate of retail beef yield would then be implemented into the BeefSpecs calculator.The objective of this study was to develop a relationship between trim (mm) and kg of fat removed. Images from X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans of 8 primal cuts from 10 Angus steers were manipulated to generate CT scan images for trims ranging from 0 to 15 mm. These images were analysed to determine the weights of fat and muscle in each primal, which were subsequently converted to ratios. Eleven non-linear growth functions were fitted to the generated data and compared to assess their ability to accurately predict the trimmed muscle ratio. The Schnute growth function was identified as the best fit model with the lowest AICc (corrected Akaike's Information Criterion) (AICc = -480.879, adjusted R 2 = 0.945, RMSE = 0.023). The proposed model (and parameter estimates) can be used to estimate the kg of fat removed and therefore aid in the estimation of retail beef yield.

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Depth dose determinations I. Tissue-equivalent liquids for Standard Man and muscle

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

An Estimate of the Patient Risk in Cyclotron Neutron Radiotherapy Using Mouse Testes As a Biological Test System

An Estimate of the Patient Risk in Cyclotron Neutron Radiotherapy Using Mouse Testes As a Biological Test System

Phantom Materials in Radiology

Modelling trimmed fat from commercial primal cuts

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