Deprivation and Recovery of Sleep in Succession Enhances Reflexive Motor Behavior

Sprenger, Andreas; Weber, Frederik D.; Machner, Björn; Talamo, Silke; Scheffelmeier, Sabine; Bethke, J.; Helmchen, Christoph; Gais, Steffen; Kimmig, H.; Born, Jan

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv115

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…So in order to get a grasp of the exact latency at which the distractor starts to have an impact on the saccade endpoint, we separately analyzed the transition from anticipatory to express saccades in the Close Distractor condition. The transition is expected to take place around 80 ms (e.g., Sprenger et al, 2015;Wenban-Smith & Findlay, 1991). As shown by the previous analysis of the whole latency range, this expectation was corroborated by our data from the first three latency bins.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Although most dominantly observed in monkeys, express saccades in humans have also been observed as a peak in the latency distribution that is separate from ''regular'' saccades (Carpenter, 2001;Fischer & Ramsperger, 1986;Reuter-Lorenz, Hughes, & Fendrich, 1991;Weber, Aiple, Fischer, & Latanov, 1992). Most saccades that we make fall outside the latency range of express saccades, but it is estimated that about 10%-20% of all saccades are express saccades (e.g., Amatya et al, 2011;Knox & Wolohan, 2015;Sprenger et al, 2015). The percentage of express saccades increases when there is a temporal gap between the offset of a fixation point and the onset of a visual target (first described by Saslow, 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Anticipatory saccades are triggered before target information has been processed. It is generally assumed that saccades with latencies below 70 to 80 ms are not based on the processing of external signals, as accuracy for these saccades is usually at chance level if the target location is not known beforehand (Munoz et al, 2000;Sprenger et al, 2015). Therefore, any saccade with a latency shorter than 80 ms was regarded as an anticipatory saccade Wenban-Smith & Findlay, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of distractors on express saccades

2017

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It is well known that regular target-driven saccades are affected by the presence of close and remote distractors. Distractors close to the target affect the saccade landing position (known as the global effect), while remote distractors prolong saccade latencies to the target (known as the remote-distractor effect). Little is known about whether a different population of saccades known as express saccades (saccades with very short latencies between 80 and 130 ms) is similarly affected by close and remote distractors, as these saccades are considered to be the result of advanced preparation of an oculomotor program toward the target. We designed a task in which we were able to generate a large number of express saccades, as evidenced by a separate and very early peak in the saccade-latency distribution-a distribution that was different from that of regular saccades. Our results show that irrelevant and unexpected visual input had a large effect on express saccades. We found a global and a remote-distractor effect which were similar to those seen in regular saccades. Even though our findings confirm the existence of very-short-latency saccades in humans, it is questionable whether they represent a different population of saccades, as they were equally affected by the presence of distractors as are regular saccades.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of distractors on express saccades

2017

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“…Oculomotor behavior, i.e. gaze stability, saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements, was recorded in both groups by a video-based eye tracker (EyeLink II, SR Research, ON, CA) and analysed [14, 15]. A laser target was used as stimulus (size 0.1°) which was projected on a screen 140 cm in front of the participants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postural Ataxia in Cerebellar Downbeat Nystagmus: Its Relation to Visual, Proprioceptive and Vestibular Signals and Cerebellar Atrophy

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe cerebellum integrates proprioceptive, vestibular and visual signals for postural control. Cerebellar patients with downbeat nystagmus (DBN) complain of unsteadiness of stance and gait as well as blurred vision and oscillopsia.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to elucidate the differential role of visual input, gaze eccentricity, vestibular and proprioceptive input on the postural stability in a large cohort of cerebellar patients with DBN, in comparison to healthy age-matched control subjects.MethodsOculomotor (nystagmus, smooth pursuit eye movements) and postural (postural sway speed) parameters were recorded and related to each other and volumetric changes of the cerebellum (voxel-based morphometry, SPM).ResultsTwenty-seven patients showed larger postural instability in all experimental conditions. Postural sway increased with nystagmus in the eyes closed condition but not with the eyes open. Romberg’s ratio remained stable and was not different from healthy controls. Postural sway did not change with gaze position or graviceptive input. It increased with attenuated proprioceptive input and on tandem stance in both groups but Romberg’s ratio also did not differ. Cerebellar atrophy (vermal lobule VI, VIII) correlated with the severity of impaired smooth pursuit eye movements of DBN patients.ConclusionsPostural ataxia of cerebellar patients with DBN cannot be explained by impaired visual feedback. Despite oscillopsia visual feedback control on cerebellar postural control seems to be preserved as postural sway was strongest on visual deprivation. The increase in postural ataxia is neither related to modulations of single components characterizing nystagmus nor to deprivation of single sensory (visual, proprioceptive) inputs usually stabilizing stance. Re-weighting of multisensory signals and/or inappropriate cerebellar motor commands might account for this postural ataxia.

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“…Vigilance task performance was also not correlated with cue detection in the prospective memory task (all p > 0.05), speaking against the possibility that prospective memory performance was affected by general alertness levels. Alternatively, higher overall performance in wake participants might be interpreted in light of recent findings showing that sleep deprivation can be a state of heightened plasticity due to prefrontal disinhibition (Sprenger et al, 2015). In the wake group, disinhibition under sleep deprivation following the first test session might have triggered plastic changes during subsequent recovery sleep, leading to overall higher performance levels at the second test 2 days later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consolidation of Prospective Memory: Effects of Sleep on Completed and Reinstated Intentions

et al. 2017

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Sleep has been shown to facilitate the consolidation of prospective memory, which is the ability to execute intended actions at the appropriate time in the future. In a previous study, the sleep benefit for prospective memory was mainly expressed as a preservation of prospective memory performance under divided attention as compared to full attention. Based on evidence that intentions are only remembered as long as they have not been executed yet (cf. ‘Zeigarnik effect’), here we asked whether the enhancement of prospective memory by sleep vanishes if the intention is completed before sleep and whether completed intentions can be reinstated to benefit from sleep again. In Experiment 1, subjects learned cue-associate word pairs in the evening and were prospectively instructed to detect the cue words and to type in the associates in a lexical decision task (serving as ongoing task) 2 h later before a night of sleep or wakefulness. At a second surprise test 2 days later, sleep and wake subjects did not differ in prospective memory performance. Specifically, both sleep and wake groups detected fewer cue words under divided compared to full attention, indicating that sleep does not facilitate the consolidation of completed intentions. Unexpectedly, in Experiment 2, reinstating the intention, by instructing subjects about the second test after completion of the first test, was not sufficient to restore the sleep benefit. However, in Experiment 3, where subjects were instructed about both test sessions immediately after learning, sleep facilitated prospective memory performance at the second test after 2 days, evidenced by comparable cue word detection under divided attention and full attention in sleep participants, whereas wake participants detected fewer cue words under divided relative to full attention. Together, these findings show that for prospective memory to benefit from sleep, (i) the intention has to be active across the sleep period, and (ii) the intention should be induced in temporal proximity to the initial learning session.

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Deprivation and Recovery of Sleep in Succession Enhances Reflexive Motor Behavior

Cited by 6 publications

References 52 publications

The influence of distractors on express saccades

The influence of distractors on express saccades

Postural Ataxia in Cerebellar Downbeat Nystagmus: Its Relation to Visual, Proprioceptive and Vestibular Signals and Cerebellar Atrophy

Consolidation of Prospective Memory: Effects of Sleep on Completed and Reinstated Intentions

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