Deprivation and Incidence of Urban Public Services: A Tale of Three Cities

Abstract

We approach the problem of deprivation and incidence of urban public services by quantifying the extent of deprivation of different income groups in relation to both desired and minimum levels. Three types of deprivation are clearly established. First, deprivation in both Bombay and Calcutta is higher than that of Delhi. Second, there is a serious concern for primary health and education because it is established that the lack of these local services is the major source of deprivation among urban settlers. Finally, we report how well different income classes are served in these cities: the rich are worst-off in Calcutta and best-off in Bombay. Middle income and poor citizens are best-off and worst-off in Delhi and Bombay, respectively.

Assessment of Urban Deprivation Regarding Women-Friendly City Planning Concept: Case Study of Çiğli

“…Kentsel yoksunluğu farklı kriterlerle ölçmek mümkündür. Kentsel mekandaki başta yeşil alanlar ve sosyal donatılar olmak üzere sağlık ve eğitim gibi kentsel hizmetlerin eşit/adil bir şekilde dağıtılamaması yoksunluğa neden olmaktadır (Cheng vd., 2021;Gangopadhyay ve Nath, 2001). Kentsel hizmetlerin yetersiz oluşu kadar bu hizmetlere güvenli erişimin sağlanamaması da yoksunluk göstergesidir.…”

“…Kentsel yoksunluk kapsamında yapılan çalışmaları alan çalışmaları (Bkz. Ahmad ve Choi, 2010;Broadway, 1989;Cabrera-Barona vd., 2016;Cheng vd., 2021;Dymitrow vd., 2018;Ergan, 2011;Gangopadhyay ve Nath, 2001;Georganos vd., 2021;Harris ve Longley, 2002;Herbert, 1975;Karadimitriou vd., 2021;Ouyang vd., 2017;Seymour vd., 2020;Sim, 1984;Testi ve Ivaldi, 2009) ve derleme çalışmaları (Bkz. Acar vd., 2003;Emirhan, 2015;Engincan, 2015;Haynes ve Gale, 2000;Hazman, 2010;Ivaldi vd., 2020;Jones, 2017;Kartal ve Demirhan, 2014;Li vd., 2012;Longley ve Tobon, 2003;Norris, 2017;Smith, 1978;Venerandi vd., 2015) olmak üzere iki kategoride sınıflandırmak mümkündür.…”

Endogenous Cycles in Rural to Urban Migration

“…These cities are often a home ground for poverty, destitution and deprivation while the urban problem has been exacerbated by blatantly inadequate supply of local goods. There is little evidence that any perceptible improvement has taken place in the quality of life of nearly two billion people living in the urban sprawl (see Gangopadhyay & Nath, 1989, 2006, 2001a, 2001b; Gangopadhyay & Rahman, 2011; Gangopadhyay, 2014a). Urban crises continue unabated in developing nations after many decades of high rates of economic growth and significant social progress.…”

Application of Theories of Complexity and Chaos to Economic Misgovernance

“…There is mounting evidence that local governance has faced problems in developing nations in recent years. As an example, the picture of urban local governance in India has not been pretty: the basic minimum of local goods was not offered to 300 m people while the shortfall, or gap, in the provision of local goods against the backdrop of the norm is also amazingly high (Gangopadhyay and Nath, 2001a;2001b). It is imperative that the profession offers explanation and understanding of this type of serious under-provision of local goods below the (recommended) absolute minimum.…”

“…This is a well-known feature of developing nations that has prompted perceptible observers to recommend matching and tied grants to replace transfers (Bird et el., 1995). The reality is that most transfers are still untied (Gangopadhyay and Nath, 2001a;2001b). Another facet of local governance in developing nations is little flexibility that local governments enjoy in setting taxes.…”