Depressive Symptoms, Race, and Circulating C-Reactive Protein: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Deverts, Denise J.; Cohen, Sheldon; DiLillo, Vicki; Lewis, Cora E.; Kiefe, Catarina I.; Whooley, Mary A.; Matthews, Karen A.

doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181ec4b98

Cited by 89 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In contrast, average IL-6 levels only varied by 0.01–0.11 pg/mL among the top 3 quartiles. Thus, consistent with past research (12), lack of positivity appears to be particularly important for inflammation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…For example, trait positive affect, but not negative affect, has been linked to lower production of stimulated cytokines in a middle-aged community sample (16). Prospective data from a large cohort of healthy adults showed that, among Black participants, low positive affect uniquely predicted higher CRP five years later but depressive affect did not (12). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Daily positive events and inflammation: Findings from the National Study of Daily Experiences

Sin

Graham‐Engeland

Almeida

2015

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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Background Inflammation is implicated in the development of chronic diseases and increases the risk of mortality. People who experience more daily stressors than others have higher levels of inflammation, but it is unknown whether daily positive events are linked to inflammation. Objective To examine the association of daily positive events with 3 inflammatory markers, interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen. Method A cross-sectional sample of 969 adults aged 35–86 from the Midlife in the United States Study completed telephone interviews for 8 consecutive evenings. Participants reported positive experiences that occurred over the past 24 hours. Blood samples were obtained at a separate clinic visit and later assayed for inflammatory markers. Regression analyses evaluated the frequency of daily positive events (defined as the percent of study days with at least 1 positive event) as a predictor of each inflammatory marker. Covariates included information on demographics, physical health, depressive symptoms, dispositional and behavioral factors, and daily positive and negative affect. Results On average, participants experienced positive events on 73% of days (SD = 27%). The frequency of daily positive events was associated with lower IL-6 (p < 0.001) and CRP (p = 0.02) in the overall sample, and lower fibrinogen among women (p = 0.01). The association remained for IL-6 in the fully adjusted model, but was no longer significant for CRP and fibrinogen after controlling for household income and race. Effects were more pronounced for participants in the lowest quartile of positive event frequency than for those in the top 3 quartiles, suggesting that lack of positivity in daily life may be particularly consequential for inflammation. Furthermore, interpersonal positive events were more predictive of lower IL-6 overall and lower fibrinogen in women than non-interpersonal positive events. Conclusion Daily positive events may serve a protective role against inflammation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily positive events and inflammation: Findings from the National Study of Daily Experiences

Sin

Graham‐Engeland

Almeida

2015

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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“…21 Indeed, these symptom clusters have been shown to have differential impact on HF outcomes 22, 23 as well as other indices of cardiovascular function. 24–29 For example, some studies found that the somatic symptoms cluster (e.g., sleep disturbance, appetite changes, and low energy) was the strongest predictor across a variety of outcomes, 22, 25, 29 whereas other studies reported similar results for the nonsomatic symptom clusters (e.g., cognitive, affective, or behavioral symptoms). 23, 26–28 For example, Schiffer et al 22 found that individuals with high somatic symptom scores had a greater incidence of mortality than those with low scores (31% vs. 15%; hazard ratio = 2.3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Function in Heart Failure Is Associated With Nonsomatic Symptoms of Depression But Not Somatic Symptoms

Hawkins

Dolansky

Schaefer

et al. 2015

Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing

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Background Patients with heart failure (HF) have high rates of cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms have been associated with greater cognitive impairments in HF; however, it is not known whether particular clusters of depressive symptoms are more detrimental to cognition than others. Objective To identify whether somatic and/or nonsomatic depressive symptom clusters were associated with cognitive function in persons with HF. Methods Participants were 326 HF patients (40.5% female, 26.7% race-ethnicity, aged 68.6±9.7 years). Depressive symptoms were measured using a depression questionnaire commonly used in medical populations: the Patient Health Questionnatire-9 (PHQ-9). Somatic and Nonsomatic subscales scores were created using previous factor analytic results. A neuropsychological battery tested attention, executive function, and memory. Composites were created using averages of age-adjusted scaled scores. Regressions adjusting for demographic and clinical factors were conducted. Results Regressions revealed that PHQ-9 Total was associated with Attention (β=−.14, p=.008) and Executive Function (β=−.17, p=.001). When analyzed separately, the Nonsomatic subscale – but not the Somatic symptoms subscale (ps ≥.092) – was associated with Attention scores (β=−.15, p=.004) and Memory (β=−.11, p=.044). Both Nonsomatic (β=−.18, p<.001) and Somatic symptoms (β=−.11, p=.048) were related to Executive Function. When included together, only the Nonsomatic symptom cluster was associated with Attention (β=−.15, p=.020) and Executive Function (β=−.19, p=.003). Conclusions Greater overall depressive symptom severity was associated with poorer performance on multiple cognitive domains, an effect driven primarily by the nonsomatic symptoms of depression. Clinical Implications These findings suggest that screening explicitly for nonsomatic depressive symptoms may be warranted and that the mechanisms underlying the depression-cognitive function relationship HF are not solely related to sleep or appetite disturbance. Thus, interventions which target patients’ somatic symptoms only (e.g., poor appetite or fatigue) may not yield maximum cognitive benefit compared to a comprehensive treatment which targets depressed mood, anhedonia, and other nonsomatic symptoms.

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“…Indeed, cross-sectional studies show that pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) are elevated among depressed individuals and among those who experienced early adversity (Dowlati et al, 2010; Haapakoski et al, 2015; Howren et al, 2009; Lacey et al, 2014; Liu et al, 2012; Matthews et al, 2014; Taylor et al, 2006). Prospective studies have similarly shown that exposure to early adversity or to clinical and subclinical levels of depression predict higher levels of subsequent inflammation (Copeland et al, 2012, 2014; Danese et al, 2007; Deverts et al, 2010; Matthews et al, 2010; Slopen et al, 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adiposity moderates links from early adversity and depressive symptoms to inflammatory reactivity to acute stress during late adolescence

Chiang

Bower

Irwin

et al. 2017

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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Both early adversity and depression are associated with heightened inflammation. However, few studies have focused on inflammatory reactivity to psychosocial stress and examined adiposity as a potential moderator. Yet, repeated heightened inflammatory reactivity over time is thought to contribute to low-grade chronic inflammation and adipose tissue is a key source of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether early adversity and depressive symptoms were related to stress-induced inflammation and whether these associations varied by total body and abdominal adiposity as measured by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in a sample of late adolescents. Participants reported on their early family environment and current depressive symptoms, had their height, weight, and WC assessed for adiposity markers, and provided blood samples for IL-6 assessment before and after a standardized laboratory stress task. No main effect of early adversity on IL-6 reactivity to acute stress was observed. However, significant interactions between early adversity and BMI and WC emerged. Greater exposure to early adversity was associated with greater IL-6 responses only among adolescents with higher BMI or WC. The same pattern of findings was observed for depressive symptoms. Additionally, moderated mediation analyses indicated that among adolescents with greater adiposity, early adversity indirectly influenced IL-6 reactivity via current depressive symptoms. These findings contribute to our understanding of vulnerability factors that may amplify the associations between early adversity and depressive symptoms and inflammation during relatively early stages of life.

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Depressive Symptoms, Race, and Circulating C-Reactive Protein: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Cited by 89 publications

References 45 publications

Daily positive events and inflammation: Findings from the National Study of Daily Experiences

Daily positive events and inflammation: Findings from the National Study of Daily Experiences

Cognitive Function in Heart Failure Is Associated With Nonsomatic Symptoms of Depression But Not Somatic Symptoms

Adiposity moderates links from early adversity and depressive symptoms to inflammatory reactivity to acute stress during late adolescence

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