Depressive symptoms and carotid artery intima-media thickness in police officers

Abstract

Purpose Police work is a stressful occupation. Depressive symptoms, which may occur as a result of exposure to stressors in police work, have been known to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between depressive symptoms and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) among police officers. Methods CIMT was measured with B-mode carotid ultrasonography. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Analyses of variance and covariance were utilized to examine the mean values of common CIMT (CCA IMT) and maximum CIMT (MMXIMT) across quintiles of depressive symptoms. Results Participants included 412 officers (mean age = 41 years). Hypertension status significantly modified the association between CES-D score and CIMT. The association between CES-D score and CCA IMT was statistically significant (adjusted P = 0.030) but only among officers without hypertension. The associations between CES-D score and MMXIMT were not significant among officers with or without hypertension. Our results also showed that among officers who reported poor sleep quality, mean levels of CCA IMT, and MMXIMT tended to increase as depressive symptoms increased. Conclusions Depressive symptoms may be therefore be independently associated with CIMT, yet masked by hypertension. Even though sleep quality did not significantly modify the main association, our results also suggest that poor sleep quality may act synergistically with depressive symptoms to increase CIMT. Future prospective work would help to clarify these associations.

Depressive symptoms and carotid intima–media thickness in South American Hispanics: results from the PREVENCION study

“…Common carotid intima-media thickness is a well validated marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and the risk of future cardiovascular events (Lorenz et al, 2007;Santos & Nasir, 2009). Previous studies that have examined the association between depressive symptoms and carotid intima-media thickness in Caucasian populations have yielded conflicting results (Kabir et al, 2009;Ohira et al, 2012;Seldenrijk et al, 2013;Tiemeier et al, 2004;Violanti et al, 2012). While some studies have reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms are associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness (Kabir et al, 2009;Tiemeier et al, 2004;Violanti et al, 2012), others have reported null findings (Ohira et al, 2012;Seldenrijk et al, 2013).…”

Avaliação do Sono em um Grupo de Policiais Militares de Elite

“…Also, an association was observed between the presence of sleep disorders and clinical outcomes such as depression, burnout, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)26) In the other study, the clinical and polysomnography data of 761 military officers were evaluated retrospectively, showing a high prevalence of OSAS (27.2%), insomnia (24.7%) and insufficient sleep time (41.8%). (14,27) The main predictors of OSAS were obesity, male gender and age.…”

“…(14,18,19,29) Shift work may result in deregulation of the circadian rhythm, insufficient sleep and disruption of family and social life, which can lead to an increase in the allostatic load (defined as the sum of the stresses prolonged stress causes in the body), altered homeostasis, immunological deficiency and endocrine dysfunction. (10,21) Shift work has become increasingly part of a wide range of occupations, especially among police officers, firefighters and emergency services, where there is an obvious need for a 24-hour service. There is increasing evidence linking shift work to countless adverse health outcomes, including risk factors for cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, specific types of cancer, fatigue, work-related injuries and autoimmune hypothyroidism.…”

Consequences of Split Shift Work in Indian Traff ic Police Personnel: DaytimeSleepiness, Stressorsand Psychological Distress

“…Police off icers are often calling for work in extended long shifts hours under highly stressful circumstances. Studies on police personnel in different ethnic population strengthen f indings that police work is constantly stressful job due to hazardous environmental work exposures and includes workplace violence (Violanti 2013;Masilamani 2013;Pourshaikhian 2016). As a result prevalence of considerable associated et al., et al, et al, et al, mental ill-health like emotional disturbances, sickness absence (Magnavita and Garbarino, 2013), stress-related diseases (Izawa 2016), poor sleep quality (Charles 2016), depression (Lawson 2012), anxiety, psychological distress, dissatisfaction with life, health p ro b l e m s es p e c i a l ly d i ges t ive, n e r vo u s, a n d musculoskeletal, and adverse work conditions such as excessive workload and feeling of victimization (Souza 2012) symptoms might be expected in such population.…”

“…As a result prevalence of considerable associated et al., et al, et al, et al, mental ill-health like emotional disturbances, sickness absence (Magnavita and Garbarino, 2013), stress-related diseases (Izawa 2016), poor sleep quality (Charles 2016), depression (Lawson 2012), anxiety, psychological distress, dissatisfaction with life, health p ro b l e m s es p e c i a l ly d i ges t ive, n e r vo u s, a n d musculoskeletal, and adverse work conditions such as excessive workload and feeling of victimization (Souza 2012) symptoms might be expected in such population. Working in irregular shifts is ultimately get associated with irregular diet, adverse habits, obesity, larger waist circumferences/higher body mass index and alteration of some lipid measures among male police personnel working the midnight shift (Charles 2016;Violanti 2013). This study intends to know the circadian (circa=about; dian= 24 hours cycle) preference, excessive daytime sleepiness, stressors, psychological distress and general health conditions in traff ic police personnel of Raipur city, (Chhattisgarh, India) working under split shift system schedules.…”