“…Over time, these stressors accumulate, further amplifying poor psychological outcomes (Greenwood, Niemann, Schmidt, & Walach, 2004; Lovallo, 2001; McEwan, 2008; McKenry & Price, 2005). For example, a 2008 study reported that urban Hispanic adolescents have higher levels of depression compared to other ethnic groups and are more likely to be retained a grade (Robles-Pina, DeFrance, Cox, & Woodward, 2005). Research suggests that chronic or repeated exposure to stress has enduring effects on the brain, which can negatively impair memory and increase the likelihood of generalized anxiety, panic, and major depressive disorders during adulthood (Keenan et al, 2008; Lupien, McEwan, Gunnar, & Heim, 2009; Pine, Cohen, & Brook, 1999).…”