Depression in Men in the Postnatal Period and Later Child Psychopathology: A Population Cohort Study

Ramchandani, Paul; Stein, Alan; O’Connor, Thomas G.; Heron, Jon; Murray, Lynne; Evans, Jonathan

doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31816429c2

Cited by 387 publications

(333 citation statements)

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“…This emerging literature suggests that elevated depressive risk is also a problem for expecting and new fathers (Paulson and Bazemore 2010). Moreover, much like the literature on maternal depression, evidence regarding paternal depression points to increases in risks for the child, both in terms of relative impairments in parenting (Davis et al 2011;Paulson et al 2009) and longterm functioning in children (Ramchandani et al 2008). Chronic maternal depression adds to the risk for poor outcomes in children, families, and long-term maternal mental health (Brennan et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Course and Interrelationship of Maternal and Paternal Perinatal Depression

Paulson¹,

Bazemore²

2013

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The aims of the study were to describe course of depression in both mothers and fathers from the third trimester of pregnancy through 6 months postpartum and to examine the relationship between maternal and paternal depression. Hypotheses were as follows: (a) Depressive symptoms would be correlated between parents and (b) earlier depressive symptoms in one parent would predict later increases in depression in the other. Eighty cohabitating primiparous couples were recruited from prenatal OBGYN visits and community agencies and enrolled during pregnancy, between 28-week gestation and delivery. Participants completed measures of depression on four occasions: baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. Ninety-eight percent of the enrolled couples (78; 156 individuals) completed the study. For both mothers and fathers, symptom severity ratings and classification as a probable case were stable across time, with prenatal depression persisting through 6 months in 75 % of mothers and 86 % of fathers. Prenatal depression in fathers predicted worsening depressive symptom severity in mothers across the first six postpartum months but not vice versa. In both expecting/new mothers and fathers, depression demonstrates a stable pattern of occurrence and symptom severity between 28-month gestation and 6 months postpartum. Although prenatal maternal depression is not predictive of symptom change in fathers, mothers with prenatally depressed partners showed significant worsening in overall symptom severity during the first six postpartum months. KeywordsDepression; Family; Fathers; Perinatal depression Maternal perinatal depression affects about 14 % of women . Its risk factors and child developmental consequences have been well documented (Beardslee et al. Bennett et al. 2004;Gotlib et al. 1989). A complementary focus on depression in expecting and new fathers has only more recently taken shape. This emerging literature suggests that elevated depressive risk is also a problem for expecting and new fathers (Paulson and Bazemore 2010). Moreover, much like the literature on maternal depression, evidence regarding paternal depression points to increases in risks for the child, both in terms of relative impairments in parenting (Davis et al. 2011;Paulson et al. 2009) and longterm functioning in children (Ramchandani et al. 2008). Chronic maternal depression adds to the risk for poor outcomes in children, families, and long-term maternal mental health (Brennan et al. 2000). With the current knowledge base on paternal perinatal depression being at an early developmental stage, very little is understood regarding its course and chronicity. HHS Public AccessA recent meta-analysis of paternal depression found that 100 % of articles that reported on the correlation between maternal and paternal depression found elevated depressive symptomatology in one partner to be significantly associated with corresponding increases in the other's (Paulson and Bazemore 2010). Although these findings characterize one partner's depression as a s...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Course and Interrelationship of Maternal and Paternal Perinatal Depression

Paulson¹,

Bazemore²

2013

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“…11 The prevalence and cost of paternal anxiety and depression was estimated using the same approach (Table S5 in Appendix S1). 6, 12 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthcare and wider societal implications of stillbirth: a population‐based cost‐of‐illness study

Campbell

Kurinczuk

Heazell

et al. 2017

BJOG

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ObjectiveTo extend previous work and estimate health and social care costs, litigation costs, funeral‐related costs, and productivity losses associated with stillbirth in the UK.DesignA population‐based cost‐of‐illness study using a synthesis of secondary data.SettingThe National Health Service (NHS) and wider society in the UK.PopulationStillbirths occurring within a 12‐month period and subsequent events occurring over the following 2 years.MethodsCosts were estimated using published data on events, resource use, and unit costs.Main outcome measuresMean health and social care costs, litigation costs, funeral‐related costs, and productivity costs for 2 years, reported for a single stillbirth and at a national level.ResultsMean health and social care costs per stillbirth were £4191. Additionally, funeral‐related costs were £559, and workplace absence (parents and healthcare professionals) was estimated to cost £3829 per stillbirth. For the UK, the annual health and social care costs were estimated at £13.6 million, and total productivity losses amounted to £706.1 million (98% of this cost was attributable to the loss of the life of the baby). The figures for total productivity losses were sensitive to the perspective adopted about the loss of life of the baby.ConclusionThis work expands the current intelligence on the costs of stillbirth beyond the health service to costs for parents and society, and yet these additional findings must still be regarded as conservative estimates of the true economic costs.Tweetable abstractThe costs of stillbirth are significant, affecting the health service, parents, professionals, and society.Plain Language SummaryWhy and how was the study carried out?The personal, social, and emotional consequences of stillbirth are profound. Placing a monetary value on such consequences is emotive, yet necessary, when deciding how best to invest limited healthcare resources. We estimated the average costs associated with a single stillbirth and the costs for all stillbirths occurring in the UK over a 1‐year period.What were the main findings?The average cost to the National Health Service (NHS) of care related to the stillbirth and a first subsequent pregnancy was £4191 for each stillbirth. For the UK, this cost was £13.6 million annually. Clinical negligence payments to bereaved parents were estimated at £2.5 million per year. Parents were estimated to spend £1.8 million per year on funerals. The cost of workplace absence as parents cope with the effects of grief was estimated at £2476 per stillbirth. For the UK, this cost was £8.1 million annually. The loss of a baby is also the loss of an individual with the potential to become a valued and productive member of society. The expected value of an adult's lifetime working hours was taken as an estimate of this productivity loss, and was £213,304 for each stillbirth. The annual cost for all stillbirths was £694 million. We know from parents that the birth of a subsequent child in no way replaces a stillborn baby. We found that 52% of women fall ...

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“…Depressed men are reluctant to seek help for emotional symptoms and may resort to drug or alcohol abuse to cope with their depression (Condon et al, 2000;Pratt & Brody, 2008;Ramchandani et al, 2008;Spector, 2006). Paternal depression has been linked to adverse emotional and behavioral problems in children in some studies (Calzada et al, 2004;Dave, Sherr, Senior, & Nazareth, 2008;Ramchandani, Stein, Evans, O"Conner, & ALSPAC, 2005) but other studies found no effect on the preschooler (Durbin et al, 2005;Gross, Shaw, Moilanen, Dishion & Wilson, 2008).…”

Section: Significance Of the Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parental depression and depressive symptomatology, especially maternal depression, has been strongly associated with problematic child behavior (Calzada, Eyberg, Rich & Querido, 2004;Civic & Holt, 2000;Condon, Donovan, & Corkindale, 2000;Dawson et al, 2003;Pratt & Brody, 2008;Ramchandani et al, 2008). Even though there is evidence that depression and depressive symptoms, which usually begin during the immediate postpartum period, are strongly associated with maternal reports of child behavioral problems (Calzada et al, 2004), the accuracy of the depressed female caregiver"s appraisal of her preschool child"s behavior has not been examined thoroughly.…”

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confidence: 99%