Depression begets depression: Comparing the predictive utility of depression and anxiety symptoms to later depression

Abstract

Background-The high comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders, especially among females, has called into question the independence of these two symptom groups. It is possible that childhood anxiety typically precedes depression in girls. Comparing of the predictive utility of symptoms of anxiety with the predictive utility of symptoms of depression from early childhood to early adolescence is needed to test this hypothesis.

Patterns of Heterotypic Continuity Associated With the Cross-Sectional Correlational Structure of Prevalent Mental Disorders in Adults

“…Previous studies have documented both homotypic 6–11 and heterotypic continuity 7, 12–19 in a range of common forms of psychopathology during childhood and adolescence. There has been little study of heterotypic continuity of mental disorders during adulthood, however.…”

“…In these first analyses, heterotypic continuity will be demonstrated only when disorder X at time 1 ( X1 ) predicts disorder Y at time 2 ( Y2 ) when disorder Y at time 1 ( Y1 ) is controlled. 11 This analysis ensures that X1 does not predict Y2 solely because X and Y are correlated at both time points.…”

Real-World Affect and Social Context as Predictors of Treatment Response in Child and Adolescent Depression and Anxiety: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study

“…That is, not only are the two types of disorder frequently comorbid during adolescence (Kessler et al 2001), but there is a tendency for each to be preceded by the other (Kovacs et al 1989;Moffitt et al 2007). Although there have been challenges to the heretofore prevailing view that anxiety disorders tend to precede depressive disorders, longitudinal findings on the two types of symptoms indicate that anxiety symptoms contribute to changes in depressive symptoms even when previous depressive symptoms are taken into account (Keenan et al 2009). Given these various forms of overlap between depression and anxiety, developmental psychopathologists have argued that depression and generalized-type anxiety can be considered forms of a more general distress disorder (Moffitt et al 2007).…”

Co-morbidity Between Gambling Problems and Depressive Symptoms: A Longitudinal Perspective of Risk and Protective Factors

“…Specifically, using growth modeling, Edgerton and colleagues (2014) found that gambling problems tend to decrease over time in young adults (i.e., from ages 18 to 24 years). More studies have modeled changes in depressive symptoms across adolescence (Cole et al, 2002;Garber, Keiley, & Martin, 2002;Keenan, Feng, Hipwell, & Klostermann, 2009;Measelle, Stice, & Hogansen, 2006) and from adolescence to early adulthood (Galambos, Barker, & Krahn, 2006;Galambos, Leadbeater, & Barker, 2004;Ge, Lorenz, Conger, Elder, & Simons, 1994;Kim, Capaldi, & Stoolmiller, 2003). These studies have consistently found that levels of depressive symptoms are rather low during middle childhood but increase significantly over the course of early adolescence, albeit mainly in girls.…”