Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Young Farmers and Ranchers: A Pilot Study

Rudolphi, Josie M.; Berg, Richard L.; Parsaik, Ajay K.

doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00480-y

Cited by 70 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In this sample, 27% of producers met the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder on the GAD-7, which is higher than the estimated 19.1% in the general population [39]. However, our prevalence rate was lower than the 71% found in young farmers [13] and 58% of Canadian farmers experiencing varying levels of anxiety [40]. Although studies have explored the sources of anxiety for producers, very few have examined the human characteristics contributing to anxiety [16] and how those characteristics may impact suicide risk.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…Using the GAD-7, the cutoff for mild anxiety is 5-9, moderate anxiety is 10-14, and severe anxiety is 15-21. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient assessment for screening for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in clinical settings and research, [21] and the scale has been used in other studies of agricultural producers [12,13].…”

Section: Survey Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even less is known about anxiety and suicide risk in U.S. producers. Most studies have occurred internationally with prevalence rates of anxiety among producers ranging from 19% to 71% [12,13]. Various factors have been suggested to contribute to anxiety in producers including climate change with uncertain weather conditions [14], market prices, government regulations, and relationship issues [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of Suicide Risk Factors among Farmers in the Midwestern United States

Bjornestad

Cuthbertson

Hendricks

2021

IJERPH

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Research on the complex relationships of variables contributing to farmer suicide is limited. The purpose of the study was to examine factors associated with suicide risk through the use of standardized instruments measuring psychological (depression, anxiety), social (social support), and contextual factors. A questionnaire was completed by 600 farmers in the Midwestern United States. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze associations with suicide risk (SBQ-R), including depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), Brief COPE subscales (BC), social support (MSPSS), and select demographic and farming characteristics. The only variable that emerged as having a significant relationship with the natural log-transformed suicide risk score was coping through self-blame. While suicidality is often considered the outcome of mental illness, our findings do not suggest that suicide risk among farmers is related to mental illness, and a further examination of self-blame as a coping strategy is warranted.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Section: Survey Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of Suicide Risk Factors among Farmers in the Midwestern United States

Bjornestad

Cuthbertson

Hendricks

2021

IJERPH

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“…Several studies have sought to identify the prevalence of occupational stress across different farm populations, with particular consideration given to younger farmers, 23 and with an almost exclusive focus on the dairy sector. 3,10,17,24,25 The age of the farmer and their susceptibility to stress has been considered in a number of papers, with a general consensus that although younger farmers experience higher levels of stress overall, 13 the type of occupational stressors experienced can vary by age cohort. 3,23 Furthermore, the role of education has been found to influence stressor outcomes with Logstein 26 demonstrating an association between higher overall stress amongst farmers with primary or secondary education only, compared to those with tertiary qualifications.…”

Section: Attributes Of Farmers Experiencing Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weather, Workload and Money: Determining and Evaluating Sources of Stress for Farmers in Ireland

Brennan

Meredith

Dillon

2021

Journal of Agromedicine

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The demands of modern farming can place substantial stress upon the farmer, adversely impacting their wellbeing. This study identifies both the prevalence of stress and assesses the demographic, farm, and social characteristics that impact the incidence of stress. We report the results of a survey of a nationally representative sample of farm enterprises in Ireland undertaken in association with the Teagasc National Farm Survey (NFS) in 2018, which saw 736 questionnaires completed by farm operators. Frequency analysis is used to report the primary sources and prevalence of stress. A probit model is developed identifying and quantifying the factors that impact the incidence of stress. There were 57% of farmers who reported experiencing stress resulting from their farm work. Key sources of stress included "poor weather", (47%), "workload" (32%) and "financial" concerns (28%). The results of the probit model establish that the effect of age on the incidence of stress is significant, positive, and non-linear, indicating as farmers get older they are more likely to experience stress but at a declining rate. Operating a sheep farm system, as opposed to any other type of farm system, reduces the probability of stress. Working off-farm also reduces the probability of stress by 0.097, other things being equal. The findings highlight variance in the levels of stress reported by farmers by age and farm system, and consequently, the need to develop targeted supports that take consideration of differences within the population of farmers and farm enterprises.

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“…The most often identified risk factors across studies encompassed stressors like pesticide exposure, financial worries, weather conditions like drought, poor physical health or past injuries, heavy workload and stress in farming, government policies and paper-work or loneliness and lack of social relationships ( Daghagh Yazd et al, 2019 ), illustrating the high mental strain due to adverse working conditions in this occupational group. Potentially elevated levels of depressive symptoms have been reported specifically for farmers in the United States ( Rudolphi et al, 2020 ) and Canada ( Jones-Bitton et al, 2020 ). In United Kingdom, higher level of psychological morbidity was reported in farmers compared to non-farmers ( Hounsome et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are guided internet-based interventions for the indicated prevention of depression in green professions effective in the long run? Longitudinal analysis of the 6- and 12-month follow-up of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (PROD-A)

Braun

Titzler

Terhorst

et al. 2021

Internet Interventions

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Objective Evidence of long-term stability for positive mental health effects of internet-based interventions (IBIs) for depression prevention is still scarce. We evaluate long-term effectiveness of a depression prevention program in green professions (i.e. agriculture, horticulture, forestry). Methods This pragmatic RCT ( n = 360) compares a tailored IBI program to enhanced treatment as usual (TAU+) in green professions with at least subthreshold depression (PHQ ≥ 5). Intervention group (IG) received one of six IBIs shown previously to efficaciously reduce depressive symptoms. We report 6- and 12-month follow-up measures for depression, mental health and intervention-related outcomes. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol regression analyses were conducted for each measurement point and complemented by latent growth modeling. Results After 6 months, depression severity (β = −0.30, 95%-CI: −0.52; −0.07), insomnia (β = −0.22, 95%-CI: −0.41; −0.02), pain-associated disability (β = −0.26, 95%-CI: −0.48; −0.04) and quality of life (β = 0.29, 95%-CI: 0.13; 0.45) in IG were superior to TAU+. Onset of possible depression was not reduced. After 12 months, no intervention effects were found. Longitudinal modeling confirmed group effects attenuating over 12 months for most outcomes. After 12 months, 55.56% of IG had completed at least 80% of their IBI. Conclusions Stability of intervention effects along with intervention adherence was restricted. Measures enhancing long-term effectiveness of IBIs for depression health promotion are indicated in green professions. Trial registration German Clinical Trial Registration: DRKS00014000. Registered: 09 April 2018.

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Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Young Farmers and Ranchers: A Pilot Study

Cited by 70 publications

References 27 publications

An Analysis of Suicide Risk Factors among Farmers in the Midwestern United States

An Analysis of Suicide Risk Factors among Farmers in the Midwestern United States

Weather, Workload and Money: Determining and Evaluating Sources of Stress for Farmers in Ireland

Are guided internet-based interventions for the indicated prevention of depression in green professions effective in the long run? Longitudinal analysis of the 6- and 12-month follow-up of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (PROD-A)

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