Depression, Anxiety and Depression-anxiety comorbidity amid COVID-19 Pandemic: An online survey conducted during lockdown in Nepal

Sigdel, Anil; Bista, Archana Pandey; Bhattarai, Nawaraj; Bc, Pun; Giri, Ganesh Man; Marqusee, H; Thapa, Subash

doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.20086926

Cited by 72 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This study examined the status of anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms among health workers in Nepal during the early phase of the COVID19 pandemic. The prevalence of anxiety (41.9%) and depression (37.5%) symptoms among health workers in this study was higher than those found in a recent study conducted among the general population during COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal, which showed that 31% of respondents reported anxiety and 34% of respondents reported depression [30]. This might be because health workers have a higher risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection in comparison to the general population, and also due to the stressful and demanding nature of the job.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

Mental health impacts among health workers during COVID-19 in a low resource setting: a cross-sectional survey from Nepal

Khanal

Devkota

Dahal

et al. 2020

Preprint

130

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Background: Health care workers exposed to COVID-19 might be at increased risk of developing mental health problems. The study aimed to identify factors associated with anxiety, depression and insomnia among health workers involved in COVID-19 response in Nepal. Methods: This was a cross-sectional web-based survey conducted between April 26 and May 12, 2020. A total of 475 health workers participated in the study. Anxiety and depression were measured using a 14-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS: 0- 21) and insomnia was measured by using a 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI: 0-28). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to determine the risk factors of mental health outcomes. Results: Overall, 41.9% of health workers had symptoms of anxiety, 37.5% had depression symptoms and 33.9% had symptoms of insomnia. Stigma faced by health workers was significantly associated with higher odds of experiencing symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.62-3.76), depression (AOR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.34-3.11) and insomnia (AOR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.46-3.84). History of medication for mental health problems was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 3.40; 95% CI:1.31-8.81), depression (AOR: 3.83; 95% CI: 1.45-10.14) and insomnia (AOR: 3.82; 95% CI: 1.52-9.62) while inadequate precautionary measures in the workplace was significantly associated with higher odds of exhibiting symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.12-3.19) and depression (AOR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.16-3.37). Nurses (AOR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.21-4.47) were significantly more likely to experience anxiety symptoms than other health workers. Conclusion: The study findings revealed a considerate proportion of anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms among health workers during the early phase of the pandemic in Nepal. Health workers facing stigma, those with history of medication for mental health problems, and those reporting inadequate precautionary measures in their workplace were more at risk of developing mental health outcomes. A focus on improving mental wellbeing of health workers should be immediately initiated with attention to reduction of stigma, ensuring an adequate support system such as personal protective equipments, and family support for those with history of mental health problems.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

Mental health impacts among health workers during COVID-19 in a low resource setting: a cross-sectional survey from Nepal

Khanal

Devkota

Dahal

et al. 2020

Preprint

130

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“…About two-fth (37.2%) of the participants in this study reported high level of anxiety, a nding which is consistent with the 37.4% prevalence of anxiety found among high school students in China (Zhou et al, 2020) and 32.1% among a Nepalese population (Sigdel et al, 2020). This nding is, however, higher than the 28% obtained among Indian adults (Verma & Mishra, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Perceived risk, anxiety and protective health behaviours during the early phase of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Nigeria

Oyetunji

Oyelakin

Ogunmola

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Pandemics such as the current COVID-19 pandemic are often associated with heightened fears and significant adjustments in health behaviours. Aim: This study was aimed to assess perceived risk, anxiety and protective health behaviours of the general public during the early phase of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in NigeriaMethods: A cross-sectional study among 1197 respondents aged 18 years and above between April 27th to May 16th, 2020. Result: More than half (61.9%) of the respondents have high risk perception towards COVID-19. Using the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, high anxiety level was found in 37.2% of the study respondents. Male gender (OR=1.38,CI=1.09-1.74), being employed (OR=1.53,CI = 1.21- 1.95) and high risk perception (OR=1.33, CI = 1.05-1.69) were positively associated with observance of more than one protective measure against COVID-19. Having not more than 12 years of education (OR=0.51, CI=0.32-0.81) was negatively associated with observance of more than one protective behaviour. High risk perception (OR=1.82; CI=1.42-2.34), having not more than 12 years of education (OR=1.73; CI= 1.13-2.64), and being employed (OR =1.29; CI=1.01-1.64) were positively associated with anxiety. Being aged 25-34 years (OR=0.34; CI =0.12-0.94) and being aged 35-54 years (OR=0.30; CI=0.10-0.85) were found to be protective against developing COVID-19- related anxiety.Conclusions: This study showed that risk perception has influence on both anxiety and observance of protective behaviours. Being a novel experience, this research has implications to support current and future response to a pandemic experience.

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“…Female participants, single living, and health professionals have higher risk of developing psychological impact during the COVID-19 pandemic [5]. Study in China showed significant differences in psychological distress among different population demographics and epidemiological characteristics of disease [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A high prevalence of psychological distress is noted in health professional from developing as well as developed countries [5,15]. A poorly governed healthcare system can incite more detrimental mental and physical health impact among frontline line health professionals [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study conducted in Nepal during lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic; depression, anxiety and depression and anxiety co-morbidity was reported to be 34.1, 31.2 and 23.2% respectively. Health professionals had 1.7 times, 2 times and 3.4 times higher odds of depression, anxiety and depression and depression-anxiety co-morbidity respectively compared to others [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Psychological distress in Nepalese residents during COVID-19 pandemic: a community level survey

Shrestha¹,

Thapa

Katuwal

et al. 2020

BMC Psychiatry

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Background COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented health and economic impact. Psychological stress, anxiety and depression are affecting not only COVID-19 patients but also health professionals, and general population. Fear of contracting COVID-19, forced restrictive social measures, and economic hardship are causing mental trauma. Nepal is a developing country from South Asia where the COVID-19 pandemic is still evolving. This online survey has been carried out to understand impact of COVID- 19 on mental health of Nepalese community dwellers. Methods The COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) questionnaire adapted from the Shanghai Mental Health Centre was used for online data collection from 11 April-17 May 2020. Collected data were extracted to Microsoft excel-13 and imported and analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version-22. An initial univariate analysis was conducted for all variables to assess the distribution. Logistic regression analyses were done to estimate the odds ratios of relevant predicting variables. Results A total of 410 participants completed the self-rated questionnaires. Mean age of study participants was 34.8 ± 11.7 years with male preponderance. 88.5% of the respondents were not in distress (score less than 28) while, 11% had mild to moderate distress and 0.5% had severe distress. The prevalence of distress is higher among age group > 45 years, female gender, and post-secondary education group. Health professional were more likely to get distressed. Respondents with post-secondary education had higher odds (OR = 3.32; p = 0.020) of developing distress as compared to respondents with secondary education or lower. Conclusion There is lower rate of psychological distress in city dwellers and people with low education. Adequate intervention and evaluation into mental health awareness, and psychosocial support focused primarily on health care workers, female and elderly individuals is necessary.

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Depression, Anxiety and Depression-anxiety comorbidity amid COVID-19 Pandemic: An online survey conducted during lockdown in Nepal

Abstract: 29

Cited by 72 publications

References 16 publications

Mental health impacts among health workers during COVID-19 in a low resource setting: a cross-sectional survey from Nepal

Mental health impacts among health workers during COVID-19 in a low resource setting: a cross-sectional survey from Nepal

Perceived risk, anxiety and protective health behaviours during the early phase of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Nigeria

Psychological distress in Nepalese residents during COVID-19 pandemic: a community level survey

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