Depression and social stress in Pakistan

Husain, Nusrat; Creed, Francis; Tomenson, Barbara

doi:10.1017/s0033291700001707

Cited by 160 publications

(144 citation statements)

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“…However, in two international studies conducted in the rural area of Pakistan, high prevalence of CMD was identified among women of 66% and 57.5%, respectively (19)(20) . A different result was shown in a study in rural villages in India, where 22.8% of the 658 women participants were affected by CMD when the SRQ-20 was used (21) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Moreover, a study in the area of Zona da Mata in Pernambuco identified prevalence of CMD among the participating population (men and women) of 36.0%, and among women it was 44.17% (5) . In relation to the present study, a lower prevalence of CMD was evidenced in relation to the national studies in rural areas.However, in two international studies conducted in the rural area of Pakistan, high prevalence of CMD was identified among women of 66% and 57.5%, respectively (19)(20) . A different result was shown in a study in rural villages in India, where 22.8% of the 658 women participants were affected by CMD when the SRQ-20 was used (21) .…”

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Common mental disorders and associated factors: a study of women from a rural area

Parreira

Goulart

Haas

et al. 2017

Rev. esc. enferm. USP

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Objective: Identifying the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders and analyzing the influence of sociodemographic, economic, behavioral and reproductive health variables on Common Mental Disorders in women of childbearing age living in the rural area of Uberaba-MG, Brazil. Method: An observational and cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic, economic, behavioral and reproductive health instruments were used, along with the Self-Reporting Questionnaire to identify common mental disorders. Multiple logistic regression was used for multivariate data analysis. Results: 280 women participated in the study. The prevalence of Common Mental Disorders was 35.7%. In the logistic regression analysis, the variables of living with a partner and education level were associated with Common Mental Disorders, even after adjusting for the other variables. Conclusion: Our findings evidenced an association of social and behavioral factors with Common Mental Disorders among rural women. Identification and individualized care in primary health care are essential for the quality of life of these women. DESCRIPTORSWomen; Rural Population; Mental Health; Psychiatric Nursing; Primary Care Nursing.Common mental disorders and associated factors: a study of women from a rural area* Transtorno mental comum e fatores associados: estudo com mulheres de uma área rural Trastornos mentales comunes y factores asociados: estudio de las mujeres en una zona rural INTRODUCTIONCommon Mental Disorders (CMD) are characterized by depression symptoms, states of anxiety, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, difficulty in memory and concentration, and somatic complaints (1) . They manifest as a mixture of somatic, anxious and depression symptoms (2) . Early and correct diagnosis of these disorders is fundamental to avoid physical and psychological damage to the individual and burden to the health system. In this sense, it should be highlighted that actions of the Family Health Strategy (ESF -Estratégia de Saúde da Família) can help in detecting, referring and treating CMD, considering its accessibility and coverage characteristics (3) . Therefore, articulating mental health with the Family Health Strategy (FHS) is relevant (4) . Gender differences are present in CMD, predominantly affecting women (2,(5)(6)(7)(8) . Some Brazilian studies have shown the prevalence of CMD in women in urban areas to be: 33.8% (8) , 37.9% (6) , 41.7% (3) , 52.1% (7) . Considering the few national studies with women in the rural context, the prevalence of CMD in women is high for this population group -56.2% (9) , 44.17%(5) and 43.6% (10) . Literature points out that in rural and urban contexts, several social, cultural and behavioral factors may be related to CMD. Results obtained in several national studies involving urban and rural contexts have revealed a higher prevalence of CMD related to: women (5)(6)(7)(8) , low education levels (9) , low income (7) and to separated, divorced, widowed or single women (6,9) . In relation to the rural context, living conditions associat...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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confidence: 96%

Common mental disorders and associated factors: a study of women from a rural area

Parreira

Goulart

Haas

et al. 2017

Rev. esc. enferm. USP

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“…49 Depression in these women has a complex etiology involving factors as diverse as poverty, marital conflict, domestic violence and lack of control over economic resources. 50 However, recent studies suggest that depression can be affordably treated in developing countries.…”

Section: Or and 95% CImentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal depression and early childhood growth in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis

Surkan

Kennedy

Hurley

et al. 2011

Bull. World Health Organ.

374

346

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“…A systematic review DEBT AND HEALTH suggested that wealth is related to health, and the authors suggest this should be used as an indicator of SES (Pollack, et al, 2007). Financial difficulties such as being unable to pay the bills also appear to be related to mental health (Butterworth, Rodgers, & Windsor, 2009;Husain, Creed, & Tomenson, 2000;Elina Laaksonen, et al, 2007;E. Laaksonen, et al, 2009), and physical health variables such as smoking (Kendzor, et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Richardson

Elliott

Roberts

2013

Clinical Psychology Review

340

278

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This paper systematically reviews the relationship between personal unsecured debt and health. Psychinfo, Embase and Medline were searched and 52 papers were accepted. A hand and citedby search produced an additional 13 references leading to 65 papers in total. Panel surveys, nationally representative epidemiological surveys and psychological autopsy studies have examined the relationship, as have studies on specific populations such as university students, debt management clients and older adults. Most studies examined relationships with mental health and depression in particular. Studies of physical health have also shown a relationship with self-rated health and outcomes such as obesity. There is also a strong relationship with suicide completion, and relationships with drug and alcohol abuse. The majority of studies found that more severe debt is related to worse health; however causality is hard to establish. A meta-analysis of pooled odds ratios showed a significant relationship between debt and mental disorder (OR=3.24), depression (OR=2.77), suicide completion (OR=7.9), suicide completion or attempt (OR=5.76), problem drinking (OR=2.68), drug dependence (OR=8.57), neurotic disorder (OR=3.21) and psychotic disorders (OR=4.03). There was no significant relationship with smoking (OR=1.35, p>.05). Future longitudinal research is needed to determine causality and establish potential mechanisms and mediators of the relationship.Dr Bellack, Please find attached a response to the reviewer's comments and an amended manuscript. We hope that these changes address the concerns raised, and the paper can now be accepted for -This relationship is especially strong for mental health in particular depression.-There are also relationships with substance use and suicide.-Research suffers from inconsistent use of standardised measures.-A lack of longitudinal studies makes it difficult to demonstrate causality. *Highlights (for review)We would like to thank the reviewer for their detailed comments. In relation to these we have made the following changes, which have all been marked in the main manuscript via track changes:-We have now clarified in the title, abstract, introduction, discussion and highlights that this examines personal unsecured debt specifically.-In the Method, Search Procedure we have changed "Classes" into "Classed" -In Appendix B (Characteristics of Panel Surveys) we have added "years" to 4-6. The formatting of the tables meant that some words were cut off: this has now been corrected for all the tables.-Page 17, fifth line of first paragraph, "self-related" has been changed to "self-rated." -Page 19, second paragraph, a new paragraph has been started after the line beginning "The advantage." -Page 20, first line of second paragraph, "somewhat unclear" has been changed to "unclear".-Page 21, second paragraph, the first line has been amended to specify about "personal, unsecured debt".-Page 5: more detail has been added to justify why studies on secured loans and mortgage debt were excluded.-Resul...

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Depression and social stress in Pakistan

Abstract: This study confirms the high prevalence of depressive disorders in Pakistan and suggests that this may be higher than other developing countries because of the high proportion of the population who experience social adversity.

Cited by 160 publications

References 20 publications

Common mental disorders and associated factors: a study of women from a rural area

Common mental disorders and associated factors: a study of women from a rural area

Maternal depression and early childhood growth in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis

The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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