“…These inconsistent findings are surprising considering the large body of knowledge indicating that depression often co-occurs with academic difficulties (Fleming et al, 2005;Storvoll, Wichstrom, & Pape, 2003). The relationship between depression and grade retention (Asarnow et al, 2005;Fiske & Neuharth-Pritchett, 2007;Resnick et al, 1997), a serious risk factor of school dropout (Alexander, Entwisle, & Kabbani, 2001;Jimerson, Anderson, & Whipple, 2002;Pagani et al, 2008), is particularly noteworthy as it could help explain why children who face these issues are at increased risk for dropout. This study aims at understanding the relationship between depression and grade retention in the course of dropout Emotional distress and depression in adolescence are known to be associated with grade retention (Asarnow et al, 2005;Fiske & Neuharth-Pritchett, 2007;Resnick et al, 1997), one of the most important risk factors for school dropout.…”