Depression and Outcomes in Japanese Outpatients With Cardiovascular Disease　– A Prospective Observational Study –

Depressive symptoms prior to and after incident cardiovascular disease and long-term survival. A population-based study of older persons

“…Firstly, by recruiting CVD patients the most severe cases are not captured, possibly due to death or the healthy volunteer effect (Lindsted, Fraser, Steinkohl, & Beeson, 1996), giving rise to selection bias, reverse causality, and residual confounding. Secondly, when assessing current depression after the CVD event, the results may be confounded by illness perception (Gottlieb et al, 2009;Greco et al, 2014;Steca et al, 2013), psychological functioning such as coping (Rozanski & Kubzansky, 2005), or CVD severity (Rollman et al, 2012;Suzuki et al, 2011). Alternatively, the hospital setting may make it difficult for patients to evaluate symptoms of depression such as loss of pleasure or interest, and sleep or appetite disturbances (Lesperance, Frasure-Smith, & Talajic, 1996).…”

Physical versus psychological social stress in male rats reveals distinct cardiovascular, inflammatory and behavioral consequences

“…In addition to the well-known behavioral deficits, depression has been associated with a 2–3 fold greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease later in life [ 3 , 4 ] resulting in significant co-morbidity [ 5 , 6 ]. Similarly, cardiovascular disease is also associated with enhanced risk for developing depression [ 7 , 8 ]. While this co-morbidity has been well established, the mechanism by which depression can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and alternatively, cardiovascular disease can enhance the risk of psychopathology remains largely unknown.…”

Prospective survey of implantable defibrillator shock anxiety in Japanese patients: Results from the DEF‐Chiba study

“…ICD‐related anxiety may lead to increased device concerns, avoidance of behaviors, and limitations in performing everyday activities owing to possible future shock therapies . Previous studies indicated that ICD‐related anxiety is associated with reduced health‐related QOL, psychological distress, and even the risk of mortality . However, the current patient‐reported outcome studies that are available on ICD patients are composed predominantly of patients in the Western world.…”

“…7 Previous studies indicated that ICD-related anxiety is associated with reduced health-related QOL, psychological distress, and even the risk of mortality. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] However, the current patient-reported outcome studies that are available on ICD patients are composed predominantly of patients in the Western world. Obviously, cultural differences broadly impact ICD patients in the Far East differently, and very little patient-reported data have focused exclusively on the outcomes of Japanese patients.…”