Depression and Its Relation with HIV Risk and Social Well-Being among the Brothel-Based Female Sex Workers in Kolkata, India

Jana, Smarajit

doi:10.24966/cmph-1978/100025

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This study’s results suggest that women’s lower social status and limited access to resources contribute to higher severity of depression. These findings are consistent with a study conducted in Kolkata, India that found 38.3% of female sex workers suffered from depression, with 27.3% having moderate to severe depression [ 45 ]. Existing literature has shown that female sex workers’ depression may be associated with family- and partner-related burdens and lack of support from husbands [ 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Gender disparities in depression severity and coping among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kolkata, India

et al. 2018

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People living with HIV/AIDS (PLH) experience high rates of depression and related psychosocial risk factors that vary by gender. This study examines gender differences in depression severity among antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients (n = 362) from a large government ART clinic in Kolkata, India. Hypotheses for multiple linear regression models were guided by an integrated gendered stress process model focusing on variables reflecting social status (age, partner status), stressors (stigma), and resources (income, social support). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); 22% of the sample reached the cutoff for severe depression, 56% moderate, and 13% mild depression. Compared to men, women reported lower income, education (50% no formal education vs. 20% men), availability of emotional and instrumental support, and were less likely to be married or cohabiting (53% women vs. 72% of men). However, more women had partners who were HIV-positive (78% women vs. 46% men). Overall, depression severity was negatively associated with availability of emotional support and self-distraction coping, and positively associated with internalized HIV/AIDS stigma, availability of instrumental support, and behavioral disengagement coping. Interactions for instrumental support by income and partner status by age varied significantly by gender. Analyses stratified by gender indicated that: 1) Frequently seeking instrumental support from others was protective for men at all income levels, but only for high-income women; and 2) having a partner was protective for men as they aged, but not for women. These results suggest that gender disparities in depression severity are created and maintained by women’s lower social status and limited access to resources. The effect of stigma on depression severity did not vary by gender. These findings may inform the tailoring of future interventions to address mental health needs of PLH in India, particularly gender disparities in access to material and social resources for coping with HIV.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov registration #NCT02118454, registered April 2014.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Gender disparities in depression severity and coping among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kolkata, India

et al. 2018

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“…Similar findings were reported from other studies. For instance, the study in South Africa (5) and the study in India (39) found no association between socio-demographic characteristics and the prevalence of depression and anxiety. On the other hand, others studies found association between socio-demographic variables and the prevalence of depression and anxiety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Prevalence and correlates of anxiety and depression among female sex workers in Dire Dawa city Administration, Eastern Ethiopia

Yesuf

Gebru

Teklu

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: The mental health states of Female Sex Workers (FSWs) are least explored. The present study examined the levels of anxiety and depression as well as associated factors among FSWs in Dire Dawa city. Methods: Cross-sectional explanatory sequential mixed-method research design was used. Snowball technique was used to recruit respondents. Beck Anxiety Inventory and Patient Health Questionnaire were used to measure anxiety and depression, respectively. Valid questionnaires were collected from 292 respondents (81% response rate) and interviews were made with six FSWs. Data collected through the questionnaire were analyzed using frequency, percentage, independent sample t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression while thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results: The prevalence rates of anxiety and depression were 43.5% and 69.8%, respectively. Psychosocial and demographic variables were important correlates explaining 56% (F=43.324, p=<0.01, R2=.557) and 23% (F=10.319, p<0.01, R2=.228) of the variations in anxiety and depression, respectively. Specifically, Khat use (b= .371, t=8.744, p<0.01), violence (b= .272, t= 6.521, p<0.01), stigma (b= .258, t= 5.427, p<0.01), tobacco use (b=.200, t= 3.837, p<0.01) and alcohol use (b= -.136, t= -3.327, p<0.01) were significantly correlated with anxiety. Besides, violence (b= .298, t= 5.439, p<0.01), alcohol use (b= -.162, t= 3.011, p<0.01), stigma (b= .160, t= 2.549, p<0.05), and Khat use (b= .151, t= 2.915, p<0.01) were significantly associated with depression. The qualitative findings substantiated the survey results. Conclusion: From the findings it is concluded that FSWs in Dire Dawa city were experiencing higher levels of anxiety and depression where psychosocial were important correlates of FSWs’ mental health. Therefore, organizations that are working with and/or concerned about FSWs need to provide evidence-based mental health and psychosocial interventions.

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“…Our findings also show that FSW who have had more than 90 paying partners during the last six months have a decreasing rate of DD and an increasing severity of alcohol dependence. An Indian study showed that DD has no association with the number of clients in the previous one month [ 55 ]. Likewise, FSWs with more than one non-paying partner were more likely to report an increase in DD and alcohol dependence severity than those who had none.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of depressive and alcohol use disorders among female sex workers in Ethiopia: evidence from a national bio-behavioral survey, 2020

Yimam,

Luslseged,

Tura

et al. 2024

BMC Psychiatry

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Background Female sex workers (FSWs) face an elevated risk of developing mental health disorders and alcohol use disorders (AUD), which in turn increase their vulnerability to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other negative outcomes. To effectively address both of these health issues, it is crucial to understand the shared key determinants underlying these illnesses, which is a substantial knowledge gap in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the common key determinants of depression and AUD among FSWs in Ethiopia using a bivariate multivariable ordinal logistic model. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional biobehavioral data collected in 2020 from 16 cities and major towns in Ethiopia using the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) technique, which involved a total of 6,085 FSWs. FSWs who had lived at the study sites for at least a month before the study period were deemed eligible for recruitment. Major depressive disorder (DD) and AUD were screened using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) and alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT), respectively. We used descriptive statistics to summarize study population characteristics and bivariate multivariable ordinal logistic regression (BMOLR) to identify common determinants of DD and AUD combined and their nonnormal correlation. Results Among 6085 FSWs screened for DD and AUD, 13.5% and 4.0% have met the criteria for moderate and severe depressive disorder, respectively, and 20.3% and 34.7% have met the AUDIT criteria for harmful or hazardous behavior and alcohol dependence, respectively. FSW with experience of inconsistent condom use, condom failure, violence, mobility, use of any drugs, non-paying partners, abortion, and selling sex for more than five years were associated with an increase in the severity of both disorders. A high average income from selling sex and the number of paying partners reduced the severity of depression and increased the level of alcohol dependence. Being HIV positive and ever having anal sex were associated only with an increase in depression. Conclusion Major DD and AUD are prevalent among FSWs in Ethiopia. The findings revealed that common key determinants, which exacerbated the severity of both disorders, were also risk factors for HIV and other STIs. Consequently, integrated STI strategies are essential in the screening, referral, and treatment of depression and AUD. Intervention packages should encompass determinants of depression and AUD, including condom utilization, drug use, mobility between towns, abortion, violence, and counseling services. Additionally, strategies to ensure economic security should be incorporated.

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Depression and Its Relation with HIV Risk and Social Well-Being among the Brothel-Based Female Sex Workers in Kolkata, India

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Gender disparities in depression severity and coping among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kolkata, India

Gender disparities in depression severity and coping among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kolkata, India

Prevalence and correlates of anxiety and depression among female sex workers in Dire Dawa city Administration, Eastern Ethiopia

Determinants of depressive and alcohol use disorders among female sex workers in Ethiopia: evidence from a national bio-behavioral survey, 2020

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