Depression and gender: An international review.

Culbertson, Frances M.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.1.25

Cited by 308 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Search terms that correlate with suicide rates of women are consistent with previous studies showing that the incidence of depression is higher in women than in men [40].…”

Section: Differences Between Men and Womensupporting

confidence: 78%

Google Searches and Suicide Rates in Spain, 2004-2013: Correlation Study (Preprint)

Jiménez¹,

Germán²,

Ramos³

2018

Preprint

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BACKGROUND Different studies have suggested that web search data are useful in forecasting several phenomena from the field of economics to epidemiology or health issues. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to (1) evaluate the correlation between suicide rates released by the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) and internet search trends in Spain reported by Google Trends (GT) for 57 suicide-related terms representing major known risks of suicide and an analysis of these results using a linear regression model and (2) study the differential association between male and female suicide rates published by the INE and internet searches of these 57 terms. METHODS The study period was from 2004 to 2013. In this study, suicide data were collected from (1) Spain’s INE and (2) local internet search data from GT, both from January 2004 to December 2013. We investigated and validated 57 suicide-related terms already tested in scientific studies before 2015 that would be the best predictors of new suicide cases. We then evaluated the nowcasting effects of a GT search through a cross-correlation analysis and by linear regression of the suicide incidence data with the GT data. RESULTS Suicide rates in Spain in the study period were positively associated (r<-0.2) for the general population with the search volume for 7 terms and negatively for 1 from the 57 terms used in previous studies. Suicide rates for men were found to be significantly different than those of women. The search term, “allergy,” demonstrated a lead effect for new suicide cases (r=0.513; P=.001). The next significant correlating terms for those 57 studied were “antidepressant,” “alcohol abstinence,” “relationship breakup” (r=0.295, P=.001; r=0.295, P=.001; and r=0.268, P=.002, respectively). Significantly different results were obtained for men and women. Search terms that correlate with suicide rates of women are consistent with previous studies, showing that the incidence of depression is higher in women than in men, and showing different gender searching patterns. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of internet search behavior of both men and women in relation to suicide and related topics may help design effective suicide prevention programs based on information provided by search robots and other big data sources.

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“…Search terms that correlate with suicide rates of women are consistent with previous studies showing that the incidence of depression is higher in women than in men [40].…”

Section: Differences Between Men and Womensupporting

confidence: 78%

Google Searches and Suicide Rates in Spain, 2004-2013: Correlation Study (Preprint)

Jiménez¹,

Germán²,

Ramos³

2018

Preprint

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“…For example, one might consider that the association between gender and depressive symptoms (i.e., women tend to have more severe depressive symptoms than do men) is similarly about .10 (e.g., see Nolen-Hoeksema et al, 1999, Table 1; Twenge & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2002). Although the gender difference in depressive symptoms is small from a statistical perspective (and though it belies a large gender difference in the odds of depressive disorders; see Culbertson, 1997), it is reliable and has considerable scientific and social importance. Moreover, the gender difference in depressive symptoms has led to theoretical advances regarding the nature of depression itself (e.g., NolenHoeksema, 1987;Nolen-Hoeksema et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

Smith¹,

McCullough²,

Poll³

2003

Psychological Bulletin

943

683

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The association between religiousness and depressive symptoms was examined with meta-analytic methods across 147 independent investigations (N ϭ 98,975). Across all studies, the correlation between religiousness and depressive symptoms was -.096, indicating that greater religiousness is mildly associated with fewer symptoms. The results were not moderated by gender, age, or ethnicity, but the religiousness-depression association was stronger in studies involving people who were undergoing stress due to recent life events. The results were also moderated by the type of measure of religiousness used in the study, with extrinsic religious orientation and negative religious coping (e.g., avoiding difficulties through religious activities, blaming God for difficulties) associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, the opposite direction of the overall findings.

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“…[19] However, in Africa there are higher rates of depression among men than among women in psychiatric institutions. [20] There were significant statistical correlations between marital status and depression. Although married patients experience longer event-free periods than unmarried patients, the severity of depressive symptoms is similar between married and unmarried patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive features among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV in Rustenburg district, SA

2013

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Depression and gender: An international review.

Cited by 308 publications

References 14 publications

Google Searches and Suicide Rates in Spain, 2004-2013: Correlation Study (Preprint)

Google Searches and Suicide Rates in Spain, 2004-2013: Correlation Study (Preprint)

Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

Depressive features among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV in Rustenburg district, SA

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