“…Several studies have employed measures of causal attributions to assess self-blame which may not be accompanied by perceptions of control, responsibility or blame itself Friedman et al, 2007;Friedman et al, 2010;Lebel et al, 2013;Newsom et al, 1996;Plaufcan et al, 2012;Scharloo et al, 2005). Others have assessed selfblame for other aspects of the illness experience rather than its cause or onset (e.g., treatment ineffectiveness) (Aguado Loi et al, 2013;Bussell & Naus, 2010;DePalma, Rollison, & Camporese, 2011;Ibrahim, Chiew-Thong, Desa, & Razali, 2013;McSorley et al, 2014) or have measured a general tendency to experience self-blame outside of the illness context (Ali et al, 2000;Rich et al, 1999). Some have also assumed self-blame from measures that do not separate self-blame for illness onset from other related but potentially distinct constructs, such as a tendency to self-criticize or harbour feelings of guilt or shame (Condello, Piano, Dadam, Pinessi, & Lanteri-Minet, 2015;Else-Quest et al, 2009;Hommel et al, 2000;Karlsen & Bru, 2002).…”