Depression and anxiety among traumatic brain injury patients in Malaysia

Increased Risks of Suicide Attempt and Suicidal Drug Overdose Following Admission for Head Injury in Patients with Depression

“…Therefore, we suggest that admission for head injury should be considered a serious disorder when interacting with patients with depression and highly dangerous for suicidal behaviors in these patients. In the literature, most previous studies have been designed to evaluate the suicidal risk mediated by the development of depression in patients surviving head injury [19,20,21]. Increasing awareness of depression in the population with head injury would help identify at-risk individuals, particularly because of the current general belief that depression is a common sequela after traumatic brain injury.…”

Current status of traumatic brain injury research in Malaysia: A systematic review

“…Secondary outcomes of TBI included cognitive deficits, motor impairments, disease progression such as epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders, which have all been reported globally (Kozlowski et al, 2013;Lucke-Wold et al, 2015;Nicholl & LaFrance, 2009;Rabinowitz & Levin, 2014) and in Malaysia (Abdul Rahman et al, 2018;Abdullah et al, 2005;Abdullah et al, 2018;Ali et al, 2013;Chan et al, 2010;Kumaraswamy et al, 2002;Liew et al, 2009;Ludin et al, 2019;Nandrajog et al, 2017;Shadli et al, 2011;Veeramuthu et al, 2015;Veeramuthu et al, 2017;Veeramuthu et al, 2014). It is quite well known globally that TBI is not just a static event but an ongoing evolving disease that often leads to functional and psychiatric impairments in the later years following injury (McKee & Daneshvar, 2015), despite initial recovery.…”

“…However, like gender, ethnical differences as a confounder was hardly investigated or mentioned in the Malaysian population studies. Only five studies have acknowledged the ethnicity differences in the sample population (Abdullah et al, 2018;Ali et al, 2013;Jeng et al, 2008;Liew et al, 2009;Sharifuddin et al, 2012), with only one of them statistically proving the significant affect race had on brain injury (Jeng et al, 2008). Interestingly, the study by Ali et al (2013), showed that one of their cognitive tests, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) was significantly affected by ethnicity (Ali et al, 2013), regardless of TBI and urged future TBI research to account ethnicity differences in their cognitive results.…”

“…While the younger population were at higher risk of attaining TBI, some of the selected studies suggested that there was a negative correlation between the outcomes of TBI (especially cognitive effects) and age (Asha'Ari et al, 2011;Sharifuddin et al, 2012;Veeramuthu et al, 2014;Vijian et al, 2020). In contradiction, some studies also suggested no significant effect between age and functional outcome or prognosis (Abdullah et al, 2005;Abdullah et al, 2018;Kan et al, 2009;Kiflie et al, 2006;Ludin et al, 2019).…”

“…Cumulatively, the Malay population represented 62% of the pooled sample of all the population studies, with Chinese following at 16% of the pooled sample, Indians at 12% and finally the other minority ethnicities such as the indigenous Malaysians making up the remaining 10% of the pooled sample ( Figure 3C). Only one study utilized religion as a characteristic of their sample (Abdullah et al, 2018). Twenty-six studies did not identify the ethnicity of their population, while 7 studies had an unequal representation of the Malaysian population ethnicity; only had one or two of the ethnicities represented.…”