Depression among Korean Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Ansan-Community-Based Epidemiological Study

Abstract

ObjectivesThere are an increasing number of studies being carried out on depression in patients with diabetes. Individuals with diabetes have been reported as having a higher prevalence of depression compared to those without diabetes. However, only a few studies involving Korean patients have been conducted. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of depression and to find various risk factors according to the degree of depression among Korean patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsAn Ansan-community-based epidemiological study was conducted from 2005 to 2012. The total number of participants in this study was 3,540, from which patients with diabetes (n = 753) have been selected. The presence of depression was evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory total score.ResultsThe prevalence of depression was 28.8%. The mean age of participants was 55.5 ± 8.2 years. We divided the participants into three groups (without-depression, moderate-depression, and severe-depression groups) to examine the depression prevalence among Korean T2DM patients. The unemployed participants had 2.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–4.76], the low-income participants had 2.57 (95% CI 1.52–4.35), the participants using an oral diabetes medicine or insulin had 2.03 (95% CI 1.25–3.32), the participants who are currently smoking had 2.03 (95% CI 1.10–3.73), and those without regular exercise had 1.91 (95% CI 1.17–3.14) times higher odds of depression in the severe-depression group, compared with the without-depression group.ConclusionThere was a significant association between depression prevalence and diabetes, and we found various risk factors according to the degree of depression in Korean patients with T2DM.

Risk and protective factors of co-morbid depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta analysis

“…In the primary meta analysis, significant difference was found in diabetic complications (OR = 2.91; 95%CI, 1.76-4.82, p < 0.0001), education status (OR = 1.91; 95%CI, 1.30-2.81, p = 0.001); regular exercise (OR = 0.51; 95%CI, 0.27-0.96, p = 0.04), gender of being male (OR = 0.56; 95%CI, 0.47-0.65, p < 0.0001), insulin use (OR = 1.71; 95%CI, 1.18-2.48, p = 0.005), marital status (OR = 0.53; 95%CI, 0.34-0.83, p = 0.005), current social status (OR = 0.64; 95%CI, 0.47-0.88, p = 0.006). Due to I 2 value was generally high, the pooled effect was calcu- a: "HADS" The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [13]; b: "BDI" Beck Depression Inventory [14]; c: "BDI-II" Beck Depression Inventory-II [15]; d: "HAMD" Hamilton depression scale [16]; e: "HADS" Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; f: "CGDS-SF" Chinese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form [18]; g: "ZSDS" Chinese version of the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale [19]; h: "PHQ-9" nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire [21]; i: "ICD-9-CM": International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [22]; j: "CES-S" Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [24]; lated with random-effect model. Significant difference was not found among age (p = 0.82), duration of diabetes (p = 0.35) and smoking (p = 0.46).…”

Comorbidity of depression and diabetes: an application of biopsychosocial model

“…However, several other studies recognized gender [16, 17, 21, 41–43], age [16, 17, 20, 44, 45], diabetic treatment [21, 46, 47], body mass index [21, 48], fasting plasma glucose [17–19, 49, 50], poor diabetes mellitus control [15], number of comorbidities [21, 48, 51, 52], diabetic complications [16, 17, 53, 54], duration of diabetes [23, 45], age at diabetes diagnosis [55, 56], large waist circumference [39], diabetic retinopathy [40], diabetic neuropathy [39, 40, 57, 58], cardiovascular disease comorbidity [39, 40, 59, 60], sexual dysfunction [40] were physiologic (biologic) risk factors that significantly associated with depression.…”

“…Interestingly, our final model uncovered not fearing diabetic related complications and death significantly lower risk of depression. On the other hand, depression was associated with diabetes treatment complexity [62], experienced loss of business or crop failure [16], unemployment [44, 47, 52], lack of regular physical activity [14, 21, 47], smoking [21, 48, 63], financial stress [39, 57, 61], poor quality of life [61, 64], and polypharmacy [39, 65]. …”

“…Contrariwise, urban residence [59], low socioeconomic status [19, 20, 42, 47, 66], lower educational status [23, 47, 49, 52], marital status [15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 44], major family conflicts and unavailability of food or medicines [16] were significant associated factors for depression.…”

“…Recent studies [39–42, 47–49, 51, 66] found diabetic neuropathy, doing physical activity, diabetic retinopathy, educational status, perceived fear of diabetes-related death and complication, number of diabetic complication, being female, physical disability, increased body mass index, low monthly family income, age at diagnosis, and increased number of co-morbid disease significantly associated with depression. However, our study lacks to confirm this robust fact.…”