Depression Among African American Nursing Home Patients With Dementia

Prevalence of depression and depression recognition in nursing homes

“…Rovner et al [11] estimated that: "Approximately 450,000 nursing home patients have depressive disorders or depressive symptoms that are potentially treatable." Despite its prevalence, evidence supports the contention that depression often is not recognized in most health care settings [23], including nursing homes [24]. Bagley et al [25] found that only 15 %-27 % of newly-admitted nursing home residents with depression were recognized as such by staff.…”

Cross-cultural issues in the measurement of behavioural and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia (BPSD)

“…Nevertheless, there are a few crossnational studies: (1) between Italy and the USA (Binetti et al, 1998);and (2) between Nigeria, Jamaica, African-Americans and Cree Indians of Canada (Hendrie et al, 1996). Moreover, there are several US studies (Akpaffiong et al, 1999;Cohen & Carlin, 1993;Cohen & Magai, 1999;Cohen et al, 1998a;1998b;Mintzer et al, 1996) and one Argentine study (Mangone, 1996) of speci® c ethnic groups within one country.…”

“…These studies have largely been of convenience samples of outpatient clinic attenders (Binnetti et al, 1998;Cohen & Magai, 1999;Fabrega et al, 1988;Hendrie et al, 1996), dementia research centre attenders (Cohen & Carlin, 1993;Mangone, 1996), nursing home residents with dementia (Cohen et al, 1998a;1998b;Mintzer et al, 1996) and geriatric psychiatry inpatients (Akpaffiong et al, 1999;Mintzer et al, 1996). Population-based cross-cultural studies of BPSD, although sparse, are beginning to emerge (Hendrie et al, 1996).…”

“…Binnetti et al, 1998) and more speci® c instruments measuring disorders of behaviour and mood (e.g. Cohen et al, 1998a;1998b). Speci® c disorders of behaviour like aggressive behaviour and agitation have been measured with Amaducci et al, 1991;Hall et al, 1993;Jorm et al, 1987;Osuntokun et al, 1992Diagnostic criteria Amaducci et al, 1991Hall et al, 1993;Jorm et al, 1987;Osuntokun et al, 1992;Silverman et al, 1992 Sampling frames and procedures Amaducci et al, 1991;Jorm et al, 1987;Osuntokun et al, 1992;Silverman et al, 1992Screening personnel Hall et al, 1993 Inter-rater reliability Osuntokun et al, 1992 Age and demographic characteristics of sample Li et al, 1989;Osuntokun et al, 1992;Yu et al, 1989;Zhang et al, 1990 Educational attainment and literacy Hall et al, 1993Cultural factors Chandra et al, 19941998 Life expectancy, survival after onset of illness and age-speci® c incidence rates Chandra et al, 1994Graves et al, 1994;White, 1992 Cross-cultural issues of B PSD 245 the RAGE scale (Patel & Hope, 1992) and the Cohen Mans® eld Agitation inventory (Cohen Mans® eld, 1996), respectively.…”

“…The speci® c mood features addressed include depression items of the BEHAVE-AD (Reisberg et al, 1987) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (Cummings et al, 1994), and depression scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage et al, 1983), the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (Alexopoulos et al, 1988), the Hamilton Depression Scale (Hamilton, 1960) and the Gestalt Depression Scale (Abrhams & Alexopoulos, 1994). Both the BEHAVE-AD and the NPI have been used to measure disorders of perception and thought content (Binnetti et al, 1998;Cohen et al, 1998a;1998b). However, for disorders of personality, perception and thought content, anecdotal reporting has also been used widely (Cohen & Carlin, 1993;Hendrie et al, 1996); this clearly will lead to wide variations in the reporting of these features.…”