Depression: A cognitive perspective

Proteomic profiling of the neurons in mice with depressive-like behavior induced by corticosterone and the regulation of berberine: pivotal sites of oxidative phosphorylation

“…Depression is a common mental disorder worldwide [1]. The pathogenesis of depression is not completely clear [2].…”

Ansiedade e depressão em pacientes com doença arterial periférica internados em hospital terciário

“…17,[34][35][36] However, it cannot be concluded whether SAH is one of the causes of these disorders in vulnerable patients, whether it is an aggravating factor, whether these disorders predispose patients to developing SAH, or whether there is actually a bidirectional relationship. 1,9,15,[17][18][19]35,36 Another point that it is indispensable to discuss is that both anxiety and depression are risk factors for CVD, such as AMI, stroke, and PAD. 1,15,17,30,[34][35][36][37][38] This could be because patients with anxiety/depression tend to have a less healthy lifestyle, with dietary errors and without physical exercise, 33,39 as was observed in our sample, the great majority of whom did not do regular physical exercise.…”

“…6,7 Major depressive disorder is the most prevalent, affecting around 350 million people of all ages and both sexes globally and it is associated with a high risk of relapse, occurring in 50% of people who have had a first depressive episode and up to 80% after two episodes. [7][8][9] In turn, dysthymia (or persistent depression) affects 19.9% of people worldwide. Against this background, there is also a high proportion of people with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), accounting for around 155 million people worldwide, estimated at approximately 10% of adults over the age of 55.…”

“…Costs are exorbitant because, in addition to the incapacity to work, there are also hidden social security losses and the increased overall spending that these families are subject to. 6,7,9,11 It is important to point out that these patients' comorbidities may also be exacerbated or go uncontrolled because of greater resistance to taking daily medication and/or treatment for the depression itself. If left untreated, rates of incapacity and mortality increase, both because of physical causes and because of psychological problems.…”

“…16 Depression very often has a cause-consequence relationship with other chronic diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), SAH, diabetes mellitus (DM), and cancer, which, in turn, increase the probability of depression. 1,9,15,[17][18][19] These comorbidities are independently associated with elevated concentrations of circulating inflammatory markers, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of symptoms, contributing to increased risk of complications and mortality in this group, and there is evidence that activation of innate immunity can be involved in this process. 20,21 It is known that patients with PAD normally present with concomitant and relevant cerebral or coronary disease, which is reflected in a six times greater rate of mortality due to cardiovascular events, even among those who are asymptomatic, since the risk factors are generally similar to those for CVD.…”