Depositional environments and ichnology of Upper Cretaceous deep-marine deposits in the Sistan Suture Zone, Birjand, Eastern Iran

Bayet‐Goll, Aram; Monaco, Paolo; Jalili, Farah; Gharaie, Mohamad Hosein Mahmudy

doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.015

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 48 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Regularly thin‐bedded, fine‐ to very fine‐grained turbidites with good lateral continuity and high contents of relatively thick mudstone facies support an interpretation of BTA 3c as lobe distal fringe with the deposition of dilute low concentration turbidity currents or basin plain with slow hemipelagic deposition. The interpretation of the lateral lobe fringe depositional environment is further supported by the intensity of bioturbation in BTA 3c as observed at Locality 4 (see Bayet‐Goll, Monaco, Jalili, & Mahmudie‐Gharaie, 2016; Bayet‐Goll, Neto de Carvalho, Moussavi‐Harami, Mahboubi, & Nasiri, 2014; Heard & Pickering, 2008).…”

Section: Bed Type Associations and Their Palaeoenvironmental Significancementioning

confidence: 79%

Facies and bed type characteristics of channel‐lobe transition deposits from the Oligocene‐Miocene Tajau Sandstone Member, Kudat Formation, Sabah, Malaysia

Mansor

Hassan

2021

Geological Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Channel‐lobe transition zones (CLTZs) are identified in many modern deep‐water systems, but few exhumed examples have been identified. Exposures of the Oligocene‐Miocene Tajau Sandstone Member (TSM), Kudat Formation, northern Sabah, Malaysia, provides the opportunity to document a CLTZ from an active basin margin. This work provides the first detailed field‐based sedimentological logging to produce a quantitative database on facies, sedimentary structures, bed type, and statistical analysis. This is particularly important to produce a robust stratigraphic framework of the TSM. Sedimentary facies support interpretation of subaqueous sediment density flows, and key features, including scour‐fills, antidunes, and dune‐scale bedforms, suggest changes in gradient and/or flow confinement and the development of hydraulic jumps. Eight bed types are recognized including: (a) tripartite beds with a debrite (BT1), interpreted as hybrid event beds recording downslope flow transformation between turbulent and laminar states; (b) beds with a mixture of depositional, erosional, and bypass features (BT2, BT4, BT5), interpreted as recording the transitions between supercritical and subcritical flow conditions triggered by hydraulic jumps; (c) bipartite beds with a basal massive sandstone overlain by fine‐grained facies (BT3), interpreted as hyperconcentrated flow deposits with evidence of downcurrent flow transformation; (d) bipartite beds with a basal high‐density turbidite sharply overlain by a low‐density turbidite (BT6), interpreted as turbidites with evidence of sediment bypass; (e) basal tractive structures capped by fine‐grained facies as the product of reworking of very coarse‐ to coarse‐grained sediments caused by lateral spreading of turbulent flows; and (f) Bouma Tbcde sequences (BT8) interpreted as high‐to‐low‐density turbidites. Our depositional model for the TSM comprises: (a) an aggradational channel‐lobe transition zone (CLTZs/BTA 1 and BTA 2) which was dominated by hydraulic jumps and sediment bypass; and (b) stacked lobe (i.e., lobe‐axis/BTA 3a, lobe‐off axis/BTA 3b, frontal lobe fringe/BTA 3c, and distal lobe fringe/BTA 3d) located in the northern and southern parts of the study area, which is dominated by tabular, sheet‐like elements bioturbated with the Nereites ichnofacies. The aggradational stacking of CLTZs deposits observed in the TSM may be explained by high subsidence rates combined with high sediment supply rates associated with a tectonically active margin setting.

show abstract

Section: Bed Type Associations and Their Palaeoenvironmental Significancementioning

confidence: 79%

Facies and bed type characteristics of channel‐lobe transition deposits from the Oligocene‐Miocene Tajau Sandstone Member, Kudat Formation, Sabah, Malaysia

Mansor

Hassan

2021

Geological Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The decrease in sedimentation rate and grain size of turbidity currents leading to emplacement of discrete turbidite sandstone separate by mudstone intervals, rather than amalgamated sandstone beds. In addition to wrinkle structures, the high abundance of predepositional elements indicates long‐term stability on the sea‐floor with respect to ecologic conditions between successive phases of turbidite sedimentation (Bayet‐Goll et al, 2014, 2016; Callow et al, 2014; Heard & Pickering, 2008; Uchman, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interplay of environmental constraints and bioturbation on matground development along the marine depositional profile during the Ordovician Radiation

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study documents the distribution of matgrounds in a wide variety of environments recorded in the Ordovician Lashkerak and Ghelli Formations in the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran in order to evaluate controls on their distribution along the marine depositional profile. Detailed facies analysis allowed differentiating three groups of facies associations in the Lower to Upper Ordovician deposits of the Lashkerak formation: (i) estuarine system; (ii) wave‐dominated shoreface‐offshore complex; and (iii) mixed river‐ and wave‐influenced deltaic system. The Middle to Upper Ordovician deposits of the Ghelli formation are divided into two groups of facies associations: (i) tide‐influenced deltaic succession and (ii) deep‐water fan system. Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) are present in deposits formed in the central estuarine basin (Lashkerak formation) and in proximal lobes and lobe fringes of deep–water turbidite fans (Ghelli formation). On the contrary, MISS are absent in deposits from the wave‐dominated shoreface‐offshore complex, river‐ and tide‐dominated deltas, and various subenvironments of the incised wave‐dominated estuary (i.e., bayhead delta and estuary mouth) and the deep‐marine turbidite fan system (i.e., turbidite channel, slope, and outer lobe). The lack of evidence of mat‐building microorganisms in the deltaic systems may have resulted from two factors: (1) high physico‐chemical stressors caused by river‐induced processes, and (2) increase in degree of sediment disturbance, biodiffusion, and bioirrigation by burrowing organisms. Formation of microbial mats in the wave‐dominated shoreface‐offshore complex was inhibited by the activity of an abundant and diverse infauna capable of reworking the sediment. Our analysis shows that the spatial distribution of microbial mats was controlled by an interplay of environmental factors and innovations in animal‐substrate interactions, mostly expressed by secular changes in bioturbation. This study supports the notion that the agronomic revolution was diachronic, with marginal‐marine and deep‐sea ecosystems lagging behind shallow‐marine settings.

show abstract

“…During a continent-continent collision involving closure of the Tethyan Ocean from the Cretaceous to Eocene period, the Divar VMS deposit in the NOC that located in the SSZ is formed [14,18,20]. The SSZ in eastern Iran extends as a N-S trending belt over more than 700 km along the border area between Iran and Afghanistan.…”

Section: Regional Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this respect, the Lut block is situated in the Central Iran plate and separated from the Afghan block by the Sistan ocean zone. This zone is one of the remnant basins that were located between two micro-continental fragments as a result of the tectonic collision and migration of the Lut block towards the Afghan block [12][13][14]. Various ophiolitic complexes along the SSZ form a discontinuous N-S trending belt from Zahedan to Birjand ( Figure 1C); the main ones are: Tchehel Kureh, Nehbandan and Birjand ophiolites (Figure 2A).…”

Section: Regional Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the Cimmerian orogeny and accompanying closure of Paleo-Tethys and opening of Neo-Tethys, various continental fragments accreted to Eurasia including the Alborz, Sanandaj-Sirjan and Central East Iranian Microcontinents (CEIM) with the Lut block in the eastern part of the CEIM assembly [1][2][3]. In eastern Iran, along the Sistan suture zone (SSZ), Neo-Tethyan suturing during the Late Cretaceous [4][5][6], Eocene [7][8][9], or Miocene [10,11] led to the collision of the Afghan and Lut blocks [12][13][14]. In the SSZ, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ore deposits occurred from Triassic to Miocene [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Tectono-Magmatic Setting of the Divar Deposit, Eastern Iran: Evidences for VMS Mineralzation

Pourkaseb¹,

Zarasvandi²,

Adelpour³

et al. 2017

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Divar VMS deposit is located in the Nehbandan ophiolite complex (NOC). It is hosted in the Sistan suture zone (SSZ) marking the boundary between the Lut and Afghan continental blocks. This area is composed mainly of various ophiolitic rock units representing a tectono-sedimentary mélange, which are commonly interpreted as being the remnants of Sistan oceanic lithosphere. The major host rocks cropping out in the Divar deposit are mantle peridotites include clinopyroxene-(cpx-) rich harzburgites and depleted harzburgites with gabbronorite, cumulate gabbro, basalt and pelagic sediments. They are interpreted as being related to the rifting and subsequent Late Triassic continental break-up of the southern Neothethys. In this study petrographic observations mineral chemistry with whole rock chemistry, and rare earth element (REE) modeling were carried out on the different rocks associated with Divar deposit. The presented data led to the following conclusions: (1) The depleted harzburgites proved to be related to the residual mantle after 18-22% removal of melts. This is comparable with abyssal peridotites; (2) The cpx-rich harzburgites represent the residual mantle after the removal of 11-13% mid-ocean ridge basalt-type (MORB). Subsequently, the residual mantle was enriched in light REE (LREE) by subduction-derived fluids; (3) The gabbronorite and cumulate gabbro represents a portion of oceanic crust generated in a mid-ocean ridge setting; (4) The basalts belong to the N-MORB-type with no considerable crustal contamination. From the top to bottom, the Divar deposit is characterized a gossan zone, a thick massive ore zone, and a poorly developed stockwork zone. In Divar deposit, host rocks are indicated by serpentinized peridotites and severely altered mafic rocks that include disseminated and stockwork ore under massive lenses. These rocks showed a mineral assemblage of carbonate + quartz-jasper + chlorite + albite + epidote that demonstrate greenschist facies ocean floor metamorphism. Moreover, in the footwall rocks, sericitization and hematitization are also observed. Primary mineralization includes bedded ore, sulphide breccias, stockworks and chimney fragments. Ore mineral abundances decrease from pyrite, magnetite, to chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Highlightly, there are two distinct mineralization phases' namely massive sulphide (stage-1) and massive magnetite (stage-2). The spatial relationships with the host rocks and textural evidence (e.g., magnetite replacing sulphides) indicate that sulphide minerals and magnetite were generated in different stages. The transition from sulphide to magnetite mineralization is interpreted as being related to the variation of H2S content in the ore fluids. The massive sulphide ore (stage 1) might have formed by primary hydrothermal fluids enriched in H2S and Fe. The second stage (massive magnetite) seem to be related to the later hydrothermal fluids enriched in Fe but poor in H2S, replacing the pre-existing sulphide minerals. The lithological features (stockwork/massive or...

show abstract

Depositional environments and ichnology of Upper Cretaceous deep-marine deposits in the Sistan Suture Zone, Birjand, Eastern Iran

Cited by 21 publications

References 48 publications

Facies and bed type characteristics of channel‐lobe transition deposits from the Oligocene‐Miocene Tajau Sandstone Member, Kudat Formation, Sabah, Malaysia

Facies and bed type characteristics of channel‐lobe transition deposits from the Oligocene‐Miocene Tajau Sandstone Member, Kudat Formation, Sabah, Malaysia

The interplay of environmental constraints and bioturbation on matground development along the marine depositional profile during the Ordovician Radiation

Tectono-Magmatic Setting of the Divar Deposit, Eastern Iran: Evidences for VMS Mineralzation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About