Depositional environment of the glacigenic deposits from the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) – interpretation based on macro- and microstructure analyses

Ludwikowska-Kędzia, Małgorzata; Pawelec, Halina

doi:10.7306/gq.1200

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The highest elevations feature mostly Devonian sandstone and claystone outcrops as well as some weathered debris. Pleistocene sediments are found on slopes at lower elevations (Klatka, 1962;Filonowicz, 1969;Ludwikowska-Kędzia and Olszak, 2009) and include glaciofluvial sand, loess, slope deposits and polygenic sands with a complex fluvial, slope and aeolian origin. Fluvial sand, forming a terrace, can be found at the foot of the slope on the sides of the Belnianka River valley.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diamicton deposits are formed of displaced material derived from weathered basement rocks, loess and sand. The diamictons vary in age and represent two stages of slope process evolution (Filonowicz, 1969) dated by thermoluminescence (TL) to the beginning of the Odranian glaciation (Drenthe) and the Upper Vistulian (Weichselian) (Ludwikowska-Kędzia and Olszak, 2009). At both study sites, diamicton occurs with sand interpreted as a glaciofluvial deposit (Klatka, 1962) and sand redeposited by fluvial, slope and aeolian processes (Filonowicz, 1969;Ludwikowska-Kędzia, 2007) (Figure 1b).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At both study sites, diamicton occurs with sand interpreted as a glaciofluvial deposit (Klatka, 1962) and sand redeposited by fluvial, slope and aeolian processes (Filonowicz, 1969;Ludwikowska-Kędzia, 2007) (Figure 1b). TL dating indicates the deposition of glaciofluvial sand during the Saalian stage, as well as the deposition of polygenic sand during the Weichselian stage (Ludwikowska-Kędzia and Olszak, 2009).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bottom section included a debris layer of sandstone clasts up to 10 cm in maximum dimension. The upper sand unit has been interpreted as having a complex fluvial, slope and aeolian origin (Filonowicz, 1969;Ludwikowska-Kędzia and Olszak, 2009). The sedimentary sequence included two frost fissure horizons that extended down from (1) the top part of the sand found underneath diamicton 1 and (2) in the top part of diamicton 1 (Figure 2e).…”

Section: Koszary Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the deposits formed by a shallow landslide in the French Alps were described by Bertran and Texier (). Some investigations have focused on flow deposits derived from periglacial slope cover (Van Vliet‐Lanoë, ; Bertran, ; Texier and Meireles, ), glacial deposits (Harris, ; Menzies and Zaniewski, ) and debris flow deposits (previously referred to as flow tills – Boulton, ) formed in the ice‐proximal environment (Lachniet et al ., , ; Phillips, ; Ludwikowska‐Kędzia and Pawelec, ). The first micromorphologic investigations of overland flow deposits concerned loess translocated by water (Mücher et al ., , , ; Mücher and De Ploey, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macro‐ and Micromorphologic Interpretation of Relict Periglacial Slope Deposits from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Pawelec

Ludwikowska-Kędzia

2015

Permafrost & Periglacial

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Relict periglacial slope cover deposits in the Holy Cross Mountains of Poland are composed of material derived from bedrock, loess and sand of polygenic origin. The aim of this study was to interpret the processes that deposited three massive coarse‐grained diamictons near the base of gentle hillslopes. Based on macroscopic and microscopic sedimentological analyses, the diamictons are attributed to deposition by three processes – active‐layer detachment, solifluction and high‐energy overland flow – due to climatic and geomorphologic factors. The use of microscopic analysis revealed the detailed texture and structure of these deposits, and was particularly important in interpreting fine‐grained sediments produced by low‐energy overland flow. This technique served as the basis for the differentiation of solifluction deposits and high‐density flow deposits. The active‐layer detachment deposit (adjacent to the slip plane) was characterised by a heterogenous texture and breccia‐type structure with domains and clasts oriented parallel to the slope. The deposit included erosional surfaces and individual slip planes. The solifluction deposit was a clayey diamicton with a banded structure oriented parallel to the slope. The low‐energy overland flow deposit was laminated and sorted with laminae oriented parallel to the slope. The high‐energy overland flow deposit was a homogeneous and massive diamicton with a silty/sandy matrix and randomly oriented clasts and grains. The following characteristics helped identify the sediment type: the degree of homogenisation, texture, sedimentary structure and fabric. Features including plasmic fabric, deformation structures and microporosity played an additional role in identifying the studied deposits. In relict slope deposits, these features may be formed as a result of depositional or postdepositional processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Koszary Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macro‐ and Micromorphologic Interpretation of Relict Periglacial Slope Deposits from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Pawelec

Ludwikowska-Kędzia

2015

Permafrost & Periglacial

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Swelling and flow of expanding clays as a cause for non‐tectonic deformations in a glacial–interglacial environment: Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Jurewicz

Karnkowski

Czarnecka-Skwarek

et al. 2023

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Not all deformational structures are tectonic in nature. Those that do not form under the influence of endogenic causes, but are the result of, for example, gravity, compaction or diapiric extrusion, are referred to as non‐tectonic phenomena. An example of such deformation is the steep and overturned dips of Callovian and Oxfordian layers in the gently folded Mesozoic cover of the Holy Cross Mountains. Their steepening was a result of processes taking place in the underlying ductile formations of Keuper–Rhaetian (Upper Triassic) and Bathonian, slightly enhanced by glaciotectonics. The latter are dominated by claystones, with a minor share of mudstones and sandstones. Their plasticity was due to a significant share of mixed‐layer minerals of smectite‐illite type, which under conditions of high water could swell. Low‐density water‐saturated clays were extruded from under the edge of a limestone slab leading to its deformation. The diapiric flow of the clay‐mass was stimulated by low temperature, high water saturation of rocks and mechanical disintegration associated with freeze–thaw processes during the Pleistocene.

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Depositional environment of the glacigenic deposits from the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) – interpretation based on macro- and microstructure analyses

Cited by 2 publications

References 60 publications

Macro‐ and Micromorphologic Interpretation of Relict Periglacial Slope Deposits from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Macro‐ and Micromorphologic Interpretation of Relict Periglacial Slope Deposits from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Swelling and flow of expanding clays as a cause for non‐tectonic deformations in a glacial–interglacial environment: Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

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