Deposition, recycling, and archival of nitrate stable isotopes between the air–snow interface: comparison between Dronning Maud Land and Dome C, Antarctica

Abstract

Abstract. The nitrogen stable isotopic composition in nitrate (δ15N-NO3-) measured in ice cores from low-snow-accumulation regions in East Antarctica has the potential to provide constraints on past ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thereby total column ozone (TCO) due to the sensitivity of nitrate (NO3-) photolysis to UV radiation. However, understanding the transfer of reactive nitrogen at the air–snow interface in polar regions is paramount for the interpretation of ice core records of δ15N-NO3- and NO3- mass concentrations. As NO3- undergoes a number of post-depositional processes before it is archived in ice cores, site-specific observations of δ15N-NO3- and air–snow transfer modelling are necessary to understand and quantify the complex photochemical processes at play. As part of the Isotopic Constraints on Past Ozone Layer Thickness in Polar Ice (ISOL-ICE) project, we report new measurements of NO3- mass concentration and δ15N-NO3- in the atmosphere, skin layer (operationally defined as the top 5 mm of the snowpack), and snow pit depth profiles at Kohnen Station, Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica. We compare the results to previous studies and new data, presented here, from Dome C on the East Antarctic Plateau. Additionally, we apply the conceptual 1D model of TRansfer of Atmospheric Nitrate Stable Isotopes To the Snow (TRANSITS) to assess the impact of NO3- recycling on δ15N-NO3- and NO3- mass concentrations archived in snow and firn. We find clear evidence of NO3- photolysis at DML and confirmation of previous theoretical, field, and laboratory studies that UV photolysis is driving NO3- recycling and redistribution at DML. Firstly, strong denitrification of the snowpack is observed through the δ15N-NO3- signature, which evolves from the enriched snowpack (−3 ‰ to 100 ‰), to the skin layer (−20 ‰ to 3 ‰), to the depleted atmosphere (−50 ‰ to −20 ‰), corresponding to mass loss of NO3- from the snowpack. Based on the TRANSITS model, we find that NO3- is recycled two times, on average, before it is archived in the snowpack below 15 cm and within 0.75 years (i.e. below the photic zone). Mean annual archived δ15N-NO3- and NO3- mass concentration values are 50 ‰ and 60 ng g−1, respectively, at the DML site. We report an e-folding depth (light attenuation) of 2–5 cm for the DML site, which is considerably lower than Dome C. A reduced photolytic loss of NO3- at DML results in less enrichment of δ15N-NO3- than at Dome C mainly due to the shallower e-folding depth but also due to the higher snow accumulation rate based on TRANSITS-modelled sensitivities. Even at a relatively low snow accumulation rate of 6 cm yr−1 (water equivalent; w.e.), the snow accumulation rate at DML is great enough to preserve the seasonal cycle of NO3- mass concentration and δ15N-NO3-, in contrast to Dome C where the depth profiles are smoothed due to longer exposure of surface snow layers to incoming UV radiation before burial. TRANSITS sensitivity analysis of δ15N-NO3- at DML highlights that the dominant factors controlling the archived δ15N-NO3- signature are the e-folding depth and snow accumulation rate, with a smaller role from changes in the snowfall timing and TCO. Mean TRANSITS model sensitivities of archived δ15N-NO3- at the DML site are 100 ‰ for an e-folding depth change of 8 cm, 110 ‰ for an annual snow accumulation rate change of 8.5 cm yr−1 w.e., 10 ‰ for a change in the dominant snow deposition season between winter and summer, and 10 ‰ for a TCO change of 100 DU (Dobson units). Here we set the framework for the interpretation of a 1000-year ice core record of δ15N-NO3- from DML. Ice core δ15N-NO3- records at DML will be less sensitive to changes in UV than at Dome C; however the higher snow accumulation rate and more accurate dating at DML allows for higher-resolution δ15N-NO3- records.

Post-depositional loss of nitrate and chloride in Antarctic snow by photolysis and sublimation: a field investigation

“…S3. Several studies have reported the e-folding depth at 305 nm in Antarctica as 2-5, 8-12, 15-31, 10-21 and 24-69 cm, which are dependent on the snow impurity (France et al 2011;Zatko et al 2013;Zatko et al 2016;Winton et al 2020). Our result for e (45 cm) was within a range of the e (24-69 cm) calculated by a model (Zatko et al 2016;Fig.…”

“…7). However, our result was relatively deeper than that of the field observations of 2-5, 8-12, 15-31 and 10-20 cm (France et al 2011;Zatko et al 2013;Winton et al 2020). A shallower e (8-12 cm) and deeper e (15-31 cm) were observed near a station and about 11 km away, respectively, and these differences were attributed to the greater snow impurity near the station, as a result of human activities there (Zatko et al 2013).…”

Stratospheric Ozone Changes From Explosive Tropical Volcanoes: Modeling and Ice Core Constraints

“…3 ) seen at the bottom of the snow pits in Winton, Ming et al (2019). Despite DML having a relatively low snow accumulation rate, the sensitivity of the 15 N(NO −…”

“…3 ) signature are the snow accumulation rate and e-folding depth of the surface snowpack for incident UV, with a smaller role from changes in the snowfall timing and TCO. The Winton, Ming et al (2019) study sets the framework for the interpretation of a 15 N(NO −…”

“…3 ) UV proxy is not sensitive enough to record TCO and concurrent surface UV changes lasting only a few years. Winton, Ming et al (2019) assessed the sensitivity of the 15 N(NO −…”