2009
DOI: 10.1130/g25284a.1
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Deposition of highly crystalline graphite from moderate-temperature fluids

Abstract: Recognized large occurrences of fl uid-deposited graphite displaying high crystallinity were previously restricted to high-temperature environments (mainly granulite facies terranes). However, in the extensively mined Borrowdale deposit (UK), the mineralogical assemblage, notably the graphite-epidote intergrowths, shows that fully ordered graphite precipitated during the propylitic hydrothermal alteration of the volcanic host rocks. Fluids responsible for graphite deposition had an average XCO 2 /(XCO 2 + XCH … Show more

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Cited by 84 publications
(57 citation statements)
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“…The features of the earlier mineral assemblage are indicative of an intense propylitic alteration, and provide evidence that graphite precipitated during this hydrother mal event. Suitable PT conditions for the beginning of graphite mineralization in the Borrowdale deposit have been estimated by Luque et al (2009). Thermodynamic cal culations carried out in this previous work show that car bon-saturated fluids with #XC02 of 0.69 (type V fluid) and atjD2 corresponding to the FMQ buffer are stable at temperatures of ",500°C for a pressure of 2-3 kbar.…”
Section: Evolution Of the Fluids And Coo Ditions Of Graphite Precipitmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The features of the earlier mineral assemblage are indicative of an intense propylitic alteration, and provide evidence that graphite precipitated during this hydrother mal event. Suitable PT conditions for the beginning of graphite mineralization in the Borrowdale deposit have been estimated by Luque et al (2009). Thermodynamic cal culations carried out in this previous work show that car bon-saturated fluids with #XC02 of 0.69 (type V fluid) and atjD2 corresponding to the FMQ buffer are stable at temperatures of ",500°C for a pressure of 2-3 kbar.…”
Section: Evolution Of the Fluids And Coo Ditions Of Graphite Precipitmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…More recent works (Luque et aI., 1998;Lindgren and Parnell, 2006) attributed the ori gin of the deposit to precipitation from carbon-bearing flu ids. Luque et al (2009) concluded that this is the first known volumetrically large fluid-deposited graphite occur rence fonned at moderate temperature in which graphite displays high crystallinity. In addition, the textural se quence of graphite morphologies and their isotopic analyses suggest precipitation from fluids with supersaturation in carbon decreasing progressively and the organic origin of the carbon in the mineralizing fluids (Barrenechea et aI., 2009).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…En el proceso de grafitización, la reorganización estructural procede tanto en los planos aromáticos hexagonales, por incorporación progresiva de unidades aromáticas (L a ) como en los planos perpendiculares a éstos, donde incrementa el apilamiento de las láminas desde 2-3 hasta 40 y mas (L c ), junto a un "ajuste" u ordenamiento de las mismas, a medida que incrementa la temperatura; de esta manera el material grafitoso pasa sucesivamente desde un estado amorfo hasta totalmente ordenado, pasando por estados intermedios de apilamiento turbostrático (Kwiecinska & Petersen, 2004). La respuesta del material carbonoso al gradiente de temperatura es lo que ha permitido que en los últimos años el proceso metamórfico sea descrito en términos mineralógicos, físicos, químicos e isotópicos (French, 1964;Landis, 1971;Luque et al, 2009;Nakamura & Akai, 2013). El aspecto físico del proceso de grafitización está caracterizado por el incremento de las dimensiones del plano interno (001), del diámetro (L a ) de los anillos, del espesor del empaquetamiento (cantidad de láminas o capas de grafeno) (L c ) y por la reducción de la distancia interplanar (d) de los cristales de grafito (Tagiri, 1981).…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…El proceso de grafitización de la materia orgá-nica desde el ámbito sedimentario original hasta los dominios metamórficos (grafito singenético) ha sido bien estudiado por numerosos autores, así como la forma en que puede seguirse el progreso de la grafitización a partir de variadas técnicas instrumentales (Tagiri, 1981;Luque et al, 1998Luque et al, , 2009Wada et al, 2004;Ortega et al, 2010). Sin embargo, se reconoce otra variedad de este mineral, producido a partir de la precipitación de carbono sólido a partir de fluidos ricos en este elemento, tales como CH 4 , CO 2 y CO. Los depósitos de grafito epigenético son los más cotizados debido a su mayor pureza; normalmente son hallados en rocas de alto grado metamórfico, tales como granulitas, así como rocas ígneas tanto ácidas como ultrabásicas, e igualmente intrusivas o extrusivas (Luque et al, 1998).…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…of various sources (e.g., mantle carbon, CO 2 from decarbonation reactions, CO 2 outgassed from melts etc. ; Weis et al, 1981;Mattey, 1987;Satish -Kumar et al, 2002;Binu -lal et al, 2003;Lamb and Valley, 1985;Pineau et al, 1987;Luque et al, 1992Luque et al, , 1998Luque et al, , 2009Farquhar et al, 1999). Stable isotopic composition of C is a powerful geochemical tool widely employed for interpretation of the origin/source of carbon, based on fractionation of carbon isotopes during various surface and subsurface processes.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%