Deposition features of inhaled viral droplets may lead to rapid secondary transmission of COVID-19

Shang, Yidan; Tao, Yao; Dong, Jingliang; He, Fajiang

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105745

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Knowing that the force acting in the x direction is the drag force from air resistance, we use Stokes law to find (considering the droplet is an approximate sphere) [ 7 ]

in which η = 1.87 × 10 −5 Pa · s stands for the viscosity of the air surrounding the droplets [ 8 ]. As an example, we will set R = 5.0 × 10 −6 m [ 2 ]. Using Newton's second law, we have that

where m is the mass of the droplets which we assume remains constant since we are neglecting evaporation.…”

Section: Velocity and Spread Distance Of Sneeze Ejecta After Exhalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Safe Distance of Virus Quantitative Analysis and Simulation of the Trajectory of Pathogen-Containing Droplets in the Air Respiratory Airways

Miao

2022

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

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Droplets of mucosalivary ejecta emitted by sneezing or coughing are a major carrier of numerous types of bacterial and viral diseases. This study develops a numerical model to estimate the spread distance for inhalable droplets (1–50 μm) in the air, the inhalability of the particles, and the trajectory as well as velocity of these pathogen-containing droplets in human respiratory airways. Moreover, particularly for droplets with diameters of 1 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, and 50 μm, specific comparisons between their inhalability and transmission velocities are made. Data extracted from previous experiments proceeded by other researchers discussing the visualization of sneeze ejecta and deposition features of inhaled drops were used to obtain parameters to fit the model prediction of this work. Currently, research on similar topics was mostly based on either experiments or theoretical calculations only on one specific clan of pathogen, while the novel contribution of this paper is the combination and comparison of these two distinct methodologies that can be applied to solve a general practical problem aiming to all types of viruses by considering the pathogen-containing droplets as a whole entity.

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“…Knowing that the force acting in the x direction is the drag force from air resistance, we use Stokes law to find (considering the droplet is an approximate sphere) [ 7 ]

where m is the mass of the droplets which we assume remains constant since we are neglecting evaporation.…”

Section: Velocity and Spread Distance Of Sneeze Ejecta After Exhalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inhaled pathogen bearing droplets may enter the lung through respiratory airways and cause infection, or they may be exhaled and lead to an escalating retransmission [ 1 ]. Many epidemics are spread by pathogen-containing particles, for example, the COVID-19 [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safe Distance of Virus Quantitative Analysis and Simulation of the Trajectory of Pathogen-Containing Droplets in the Air Respiratory Airways

Miao

2022

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

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“…Where

is the droplet size in

and fitted parameters are

and

, as calculated in Shang, Tao, Dong, He, and Tu (2021) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved numerical model for epidemic transmission and infection risks assessment in indoor environment

Shang

Dong

Tian

et al. 2022

Journal of Aerosol Science

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Social distance will remain the key measure to contain COVID-19 before the global widespread vaccination coverage expected in 2024. Containing the virus outbreak in the office is prioritised to relieve socio-economic burdens caused by COVID-19 and potential pandemics in the future. However, “what is the transmissible distance of SARS-CoV-2” and “what are the appropriate ventilation rates in the office” have been under debate. Without quantitative evaluation of the infection risk, some studies challenged the current social distance policies of 1–2 m adopted by most countries and suggested that longer social distance rule is required as the maximum transmission distance of cough ejected droplets could reach 3–10 m. With the emergence of virus variants such as the Delta variant, the applicability of previous social distance rules are also in doubt. To address the above problem, this study conducted transient Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to evaluate the infection risks under calm and wind scenarios. The calculated Social Distance Index (SDI) indicates that lower humidity leads to a higher infection risk due to weaker evaporation. The infection risk in office was found more sensitive to social distance than ventilation rate. In standard ventilation conditions, social distance of 1.7 m–1.8 m is sufficient distances to reach low probability of infection (PI) target in a calm scenario when coughing is the dominant transmission route. However in the wind scenario (0.25 m/s indoor wind), distance of 2.8 m is required to contain the wild virus type and 3 m is insufficient to contain the spread of the Delta variant. The numerical methods developed in this study provide a framework to evaluate the COVID-19 infection risk in indoor environment. The predicted PI will be beneficial for governments and regulators to make appropriate social-distance and ventilation rules in the office.

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“…Surfaces contaminated with drops of body fluids from symptomatic or asymptomatic patients, such as door handles, elevator buttons, tables, and glasses, become secondary mechanisms of transmission (Fig. 1 ) (Shang et al 2021 ). Touching surfaces and tools contaminated with the virus increase the risk of contagion (Manigandan et al 2020b ).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in water: potential risks

Girón-Navarro

Linares-Hernández

Castillo-Suárez

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This review summarizes research data on SARS-CoV-2 in water environments. A literature survey was conducted using the electronic databases Science Direct, Scopus, and Springer. This complete research included and discussed relevant studies that involve the (1) introduction, (2) definition and features of coronavirus, (2.1) structure and classification, (3) effects on public health, (4) transmission, (5) detection methods, (6) impact of COVID-19 on the water sector (drinking water, cycle water, surface water, wastewater), (6.5) wastewater treatment, and (7) future trends. The results show contamination of clean water sources, and community drinking water is vulnerable. Additionally, there is evidence that sputum, feces, and urine contain SARS-CoV-2, which can maintain its viability in sewage and the urban-rural water cycle to move towards seawater or freshwater; thus, the risk associated with contracting COVID-19 from contact with untreated water or inadequately treated wastewater is high. Moreover, viral loads have been detected in surface water, although the risk is lower for countries that efficiently treat their wastewater. Further investigation is immediately required to determine the persistence and mobility of SARS-CoV-2 in polluted water and sewage as well as the possible potential of disease transmission via drinking water. Conventional wastewater treatment systems have been shown to be effective in removing the virus, which plays an important role in pandemic control. Monitoring of this virus in water is extremely important as it can provide information on the prevalence and distribution of the COVID-19 pandemic in different communities as well as possible infection dynamics to prevent future outbreaks.

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Deposition features of inhaled viral droplets may lead to rapid secondary transmission of COVID-19

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Safe Distance of Virus Quantitative Analysis and Simulation of the Trajectory of Pathogen-Containing Droplets in the Air Respiratory Airways

Safe Distance of Virus Quantitative Analysis and Simulation of the Trajectory of Pathogen-Containing Droplets in the Air Respiratory Airways

An improved numerical model for epidemic transmission and infection risks assessment in indoor environment

The impact of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in water: potential risks

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