Deposition, bioaccumulation and depletion of organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) and their organophosphate diester metabolites (di-OPEs) from feed to laying hens’ eggs

Convenient Self-Heating Instant Food Causes Significant Increasing Human Exposure to Organophosphate Esters

“…Some of these metabolites had similar or even higher toxicities compared to their mother compounds. 4,28,49 The results in our study also suggest the necessity of involving the metabolites of OPEs for further investigation in the SHLB. In addition to OPEs, the SHLB may also lead to human exposure to other adverse chemicals as long as they are present in the plastic containers.…”

“…The analysis of UF and HF followed our previous established method with minor modifications. , Briefly, 0.5 g UF or HF sample was spiked with 10 ng of surrogate internal standard. After it was conditioned overnight (approximately 10 h), the sample was ultrasonically extracted by 5 mL of acetonitrile/toluene (9:1, v/v) containing 0.5% formic acid.…”

Establishment of an Integrated Nontarget and Suspect Screening Workflow for Organophosphate Diesters (Di-OPEs) and Identification of Seven Previously Unknown Di-OPEs in Food Contact Plastics

“…Recent studies have identified the presence of both tri-OPEs and several di-OPEs in foodstuffs. ,, It has been suspected by numerous researchers that food packaging could be an important source of tri-OPE contamination in food. − This is corroborated by our previous study, which found 28 tri-OPEs in food contact materials and further demonstrated the migration of some tri-OPEs into food simulants . Given the information from the PubChem database, which suggests that certain di-OPEs can be used directly as additives in polymeric materials or can result from the degradation of tri-OPEs, there exists the potential for di-OPE contamination during food packaging processes .…”

“…Recent studies have identified the presence of both tri-OPEs and several di-OPEs in foodstuffs. 22,28,29 It has been suspected by numerous researchers that food packaging could be an important source of tri-OPE contamination in food. 30−32 This is corroborated by our previous study, which found 28 tri-OPEs in food contact materials and further demonstrated the migration of some tri-OPEs into food simulants.…”

“…Historically, organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs) have been regarded as metabolites of tri-OPEs, with their levels in humans typically used as markers for internal tri-OPE exposure. − However, recent research has unveiled the pervasive coexistence of di-OPEs and tri-OPEs in a broad range of environmental samples, including e-waste-related dust, hand wipes, foodstuffs, waterways, sediments, and soil. ,− This cooccurrence, coupled with correlation analyses, suggested that di-OPEs might not merely be degradation products of their corresponding tri-OPEs but also have direct commercial applications . The total annual output of six di-OPEs (dimethyl phosphate (DMP), diethyl phosphate (DEP), di- n -butyl phosphate (D n BP), bis­(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), and dibenzyl phosphate (DBzP)) currently produced worldwide was estimated to be 17,050 t or more .…”