Deploying Elemental Iodine in a Vapor Form to Disinfect Water and to Clear Biofilms

Abstract

Traditionally, iodine has been delivered as a solution, tablet or resin to disinfect water. In this study we evaluated the “I2 vapor infusion” (I2VP) technology which passes an airstream through a matrix containing elemental iodine (I2) to produce I2 vapor as an innovative method of iodine delivery for water disinfection. Pressured air was provided either by a compressor or hand pump. Testing was performed with water inoculated with either Gram-negative (Escherichia, Salmonella) or Gram-positive (Enterococcus) bacteria or with pre-formed Acinetobacter or Staphylococcus biofilms. Bacterial colony forming units were used to assess efficacy of the device. In distilled water all bacteria and biofilms were eliminated after brief exposures (<90 s). Culturable bacteria were also eliminated from pond and municipal sewer water, but the technology was mostly ineffective against dairy lagoon water with high turbidity and organic particulate. Longer duration infusion and higher air volumes used to overcome interference from organic matter were also associated with higher concentrations of residual iodine. We conclude that I2 vapor infusion has the potential to be useful for emergency water treatment and potentially for reducing microbiological contamination of some waste streams.

Consumer Perception on the Redness and Off Flavor Upon Stored Red Chili Paste with Hypoiodous Acid Treatment

“…Potassium iodide reacted with hydrogen peroxidase can penetrate 1246 (2023) 012058 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1246/1/012058 4 bacterial cell walls, inhibit protein synthesis, and denature DNA [16]. Iodine is also presumed to attack the surface proteins and destabilize membrane fatty acids of lipid enveloped viruses [17]. Consumers will prefer chili with a normal aroma because it indicates the freshness of the product.…”

Atmospheric Reactive Oxygen Species and Some Aspects of the Antiviral Protection at the Respiratory Epithelium

“…Besides the above mentioned iodine compounds, iodite ion Iˉ, triiodite ion , iodic acid HIO 3 and iodate anion are formed in water. However, only molecular iodine and iodic acid have biocidal activity [ 66 ]. The mechanism of the antibacterial and antiviral action of a number of iodine-containing drugs (e.g., povidone-iodine) is associated with the formation of iodic acid [ 67 ].…”

Computational and experimental investigations of a microfluidic mixer for efficient iodine extraction using carbon tetrachloride enhanced with gas bubbles

“…Iodine extraction is utilized in drug delivery to control the release of iodine from pharmaceutical formulations. [26] Microfluidic systems utilize small-scale channels and chambers to precisely manipulate fluids, allowing for controlled and efficient extraction processes. [8,27] Iodine also produces photographic film and synthesizes synthetic organic compounds, such as dyes and pigments.…”

“…[8,27] Iodine also produces photographic film and synthesizes synthetic organic compounds, such as dyes and pigments. [26] It also works as a tracer element to study ocean currents, detect leaks in oil wells, and purify water in areas where clean drinking water is not readily available. [28] A rapid microfluidic mixer-based elemental iodine extraction, used at the micro level in drug delivery, holds great promise due to its versatility and ability to improve diagnostic imaging and targeted drug delivery accuracy.…”