Depletion of the protective aluminum hydroxide coating in TiO2-based sunscreens by swimming pool water ingredients

Virkutytė, Jūratė; Al-Abed, Souhail R.; Dionysiou, Dionysios D.

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.02.074

Cited by 52 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…The creams were submitted to artificial aging simulating drastic environmental conditions (UV/visible irradiation, water and stirring) (Botta et al, 2011) which resulted in agglomeration and sedimentation of the ENPs. In swimming pool water, protective coatings may be stripped from TiO 2 particles (Virkutyte et al, 2012) and in some cases even result in dissolved species in the water (David Holbrook et al, 2013).…”

Section: Sunscreens Cosmetics Personal Care Products and Cleaning Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of nanomaterial aging and transformations through the life cycle of nano-enhanced products

Mitrano

Motellier

Clavaguera

et al. 2015

Environment International

351

243

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In the context of assessing potential risks of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), life cycle thinking can represent a holistic view on the impacts of ENPs through the entire value chain of nano-enhanced products from production, through use, and finally to disposal. Exposure to ENPs in consumer or environmental settings may either be to the original, pristine ENPs, or more likely, to ENPs that have been incorporated into products, released, aged and transformed. Here, key product-use related aging and transformation processes affecting ENPs are reviewed. The focus is on processes resulting in ENP release and on the transformation(s) the released particles undergo in the use and disposal phases of its product life cycle for several nanomaterials (Ag, ZnO, TiO2, carbon nanotubes, CeO2, SiO2 etc.). These include photochemical transformations, oxidation and reduction, dissolution, precipitation, adsorption and desorption, combustion, abrasion and biotransformation, among other biogeochemical processes. To date, few studies have tried to establish what changes the ENPs undergo when they are incorporated into, and released from, products. As a result there is major uncertainty as to the state of many ENPs following their release because much of current testing on pristine ENPs may not be fully relevant for risk assessment purposes. The goal of this present review is therefore to use knowledge on the life cycle of nano-products to derive possible transformations common ENPs in nano-products may undergo based on how these products will be used by the consumer and eventually discarded. By determining specific gaps in knowledge of the ENP transformation process, this approach should prove useful in narrowing the number of physical experiments that need to be conducted and illuminate where more focused effort can be placed.

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Section: Sunscreens Cosmetics Personal Care Products and Cleaning Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of nanomaterial aging and transformations through the life cycle of nano-enhanced products

Mitrano

Motellier

Clavaguera

et al. 2015

Environment International

351

243

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Once in the environment, nanomaterials (and their coatings) will be degraded via natural sunlight, water, chemicals, and physical disruption, leaving a partially uncoated and potentially more toxic product (Auffan et al, 2010;Botta et al, 2011;Virkutyte et al, 2012;Fouqueray et al, 2012). This study uses pool water as a surrogate to natural aging because 1) pool water contains the highest levels of chemicals in water systems that humans are exposed to regularly, 2) sunscreen wearing consumers will expose nano-TiO 2 to pool water, and 3) pool water has been previously shown to degrade the protective coating of coated nano-TiO 2 (Virkutyte et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic TiO2 nanoparticle exposure to a benthic organism, Hyalella azteca: impact of solar UV radiation and material surface coatings on toxicity

Wallis

Diamond²,

Hoff

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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“…126 The presence of coatings also adds to the uncertainty about the effectiveness of efforts to reduce unwanted photo activity, and the durability of the coating layer during its life-cycle. 128 Some researchers have characterized silica, zircon and alumina as charge transfer catalysts, 129 which are solids that have the ability to trap reactive electrons (e − ) and electropositive holes (h + ), 130 and their porous structures facilitate the access of reactant molecules to active surface sites. 131 The researchers prepared nano composites of SiO 2 , ZrO 2 and Al 2 O 3 in TiO 2 , [132][133][134][135] which displayed improved photo catalytic activity versus pure TiO 2 .…”

Section: Surface Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…128 Some researchers have characterized silica, zircon and alumina as charge transfer 135-139 The factors described above lead to a large diversity in nano-sized TiO 2 particles used in cosmetic sunscreens. We must recognize that while many coatings are labeled as being environmentally labile or degradable, 16 the partial or complete collapse of the coated material may modify the electronic properties of TiO 2 and an initially nontoxic material may become hazardous after shedding its coat.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity Associated with the Photo Catalytic and Photo Stable Forms of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Used in Sunscreen lotion

Pulvin¹

2015

MOJT

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Abbreviations: IARC, international agency for research on cancer; UV, ultraviolet; QD, quantum dot; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; CB, conduction band IntroductionThe properties of materials change as their size approaches the nano particle scale, which is generally considered to be that with at least one dimension of 100nm or less. The toxicity of nanoparticles has been linked to such characteristics as elemental composition, charge, shape, Crystallinity, surface area, solubility and surface chemistry/ derivatization. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Understanding the nano particle-cell interaction is thought to be critical for the safe development of nano materials. 7 It seems unlikely that the potential toxicity of nanoparticles and the underlying mechanisms can be predicted or explained by any single unifying concept.This review is focused on Titania (TiO 2 ) for which there is substantial interest in the chemical, biological, and industrial worlds because of its fascinating and useful physicochemical properties. Currently, information describing the relative health and environmental risks associated with nano-TiO 2 is severely lacking. Only recently, critical questions regarding the potential human health and environmental impact of nano-TiO 2 have been raised. [8][9][10][11] TiO 2 particles have long been considered to pose little risk to respiratory health because they are both chemically and thermally stable. 12 However, TiO 2 is classified as a Group 2B carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) based on the findings of lung tumor induction in female rats. 13,14 Nano-TiO 2 is attractive for use in a large number of applications based on its unique optical and photo catalytic properties, tunable band gap, thermal stability, chemical resistance and hardness.15Because of the relatively large band-gap, the particles absorb the higher-energy (shorter wavelength) ultraviolet radiation making it a useful constituent in sunscreen products. TiO 2 photo catalysis is widely used in the fields of wastewater treatment, 16 sterilization, 17 self-cleaning, 18 hydrogen evolution, 19 and photoelectron chemical conversion. 20 Normally, TiO 2 can only be excited with ultraviolet (UV) light because of its wide band gap, 21 although this is considered a drawback when photo catalytic conversion is desired under visible light. The crystalline structure is the major factor determining the band gap, but secondary factors include the particle size and the presence of defects (physical or chemical). 22,23 A large surface-tomass ratio of the nanoparticles helps to promote catalytic reactions, and increases their ability to absorb and carry other compounds. Their surface reactivity originates from quantum phenomena that can make nano-TiO 2 seemingly unpredictable. 24Engineered nano-TiO 2 is designed to impart specific characteristics that vary according to their use. Aside from unique nanoscale properties (size, Crystallinity, reactivity, and thermodynamics), nanoTiO 2 may be funct...

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Depletion of the protective aluminum hydroxide coating in TiO2-based sunscreens by swimming pool water ingredients

Cited by 52 publications

References 50 publications

Review of nanomaterial aging and transformations through the life cycle of nano-enhanced products

Review of nanomaterial aging and transformations through the life cycle of nano-enhanced products

Chronic TiO2 nanoparticle exposure to a benthic organism, Hyalella azteca: impact of solar UV radiation and material surface coatings on toxicity

Toxicity Associated with the Photo Catalytic and Photo Stable Forms of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Used in Sunscreen lotion

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