“…In field of geotechnical and civil engineering, a variety of numerical simulation methods have been developed for the material damage. The simulation methods include Finite Element Method (FEM) (Turner et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2021a) Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) (Seyyedan et al, 2021;Zhou et al, 2021b), Peridynamics (PD) (Wang et al, 2016(Wang et al, , 2018Wan et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021), General Particle Dynamics (GPD) (Zhou et al, 2014), cluster method based on Discrete Element Method (DEM) (Cil and Alshibli, 2014;Sun et al, 2018;Jarrar et al, 2020) and particle replacement method based on DEM (De Bono and Mcdowell, 2016;Zheng and Tannant, 2019;. FEM, XFEM, FD, GPD and cluster method can accurately simulate the breakage process and have a good application in the simulation of rock, single particle or a small number of particles.…”