Dependency of Head Impact Rotation on Head-Neck Positioning and Soft Tissue Forces

Fanton, Michael; Kuo, Calvin; Sganga, Jake; Hernandez, Fidel; Camarillo, David B.

doi:10.1109/tbme.2018.2866147

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In future work, this classifier has potential to be used in real-time in conjunction with wearable sensors to help inform players and coaches the injury risk resulting from an on-field head impact. The brain model could also be used with simplified rigid-body models of the head and cervical spine 62 to give rapid mapping between input force to output brain displacement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Directional Dynamic Model for Traumatic Brain Injury Detection

Laksari

Fanton

et al. 2020

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex injury that is hard to predict and diagnose, with many studies focused on associating head kinematics to brain injury risk. Recently, there has been a push towards using computationally expensive finite element (FE) models of the brain to create tissue deformation metrics of brain injury. Here, we develop a new brain injury metric, the Brain Angle Metric (BAM), based on the dynamics of a 3 degree-of-freedom lumped parameter brain model. The brain model is built based on the measured natural frequencies of a FE brain model simulated with live human impact data. We show it can be used to rapidly estimate peak brain strains experienced during head rotational accelerations. On our dataset, the simplified model highly correlates with peak principal FE strain (R 2 =0.80). Further, coronal and axial model displacement correlated with fiber-oriented peak strain in the corpus callosum (R 2 =0.77). Our proposed injury metric BAM uses the maximum angle predicted by our brain model, and is compared against a number of existing rotational and translational kinematic injury metrics on a dataset of head kinematics from 27 clinically diagnosed injuries and 887 non-injuries. We found that BAM performed comparably to peak angular acceleration, linear acceleration, and angular velocity in classifying injury and non-injury events. Metrics which separated time traces into their directional components had improved model deviance to those which combined components into a single time trace magnitude. Our brain model can be used in future work both as a computationally efficient alternative to FE models and for classifying injuries over a wide range of loading conditions. Key words:Brain injury, injury criterion, injury prediction, concussion 159.32, 131.53, and 132.02 respectively. Further, metrics such as HIC and SI which analyze acceleration magnitudes performed with lower sensitivity to those which treated each direction separately. Similarly, the VTCP, which takes into account peak linear and angular acceleration magnitude, had lower model deviance and higher AUCPR and AUCROC than metrics which treated each anatomical direction separately. Peak linear acceleration ( ⃗) had lower deviance, AUCPR, and AUCROC to peak angular kinematics and BAM but still outperformed many other metrics. While many previous studies suggest rotation is a primary cause of brain injury 16,17,56 , the results shown here indicate that linear acceleration still has predictive value in classifying brain injuries. This could be because in our dataset, with the majority of injuries taken from laboratory reconstruction data, the linear and angular acceleration values may be coupled more so than in-vivo data.However, single variate injury criteria, based on linear acceleration, had extremely low sensitivity in our dataset. We see that both HIC15 and SI predict only a single event with >50% risk of injury on our dataset due to a few non-injury events with high HIC15 and SI values. Surprisingly, many existing metrics had hig...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Directional Dynamic Model for Traumatic Brain Injury Detection

Laksari

Fanton

et al. 2020

Journal of Neurotrauma

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“…Researchers have suggested that positioning the head toward the direction of an impending impact and tensing the neck muscles are effective techniques to decrease the linear and angular velocity of the head following an impact. 16 , 38 , 42 However, the significance of this effect has only generally been shown in low-severity impacts and the scalability of these results to concussive-level impacts is still unclear. 26 In addition to physical preparations before a perturbation, awareness of the perturbation may produce anticipation and affect a subject’s kinematics response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical Muscle Activation Due to an Applied Force in Response to Different Types of Acoustic Warnings

2021

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Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and whiplash-associated disorder are the most common head and neck injuries and result from a sudden head or body acceleration. The head and neck injury potential is correlated with the awareness, level of muscle activation, and posture changes at the time of the perturbation. Environmental acoustic stimuli or a warning system can influence muscle activation and posture during a head perturbation. In this study, different acoustic stimuli, including Non-Directional, Directional, and Startle, were provided 1000 ms before a head impact, and the amplitude and timing of cervical muscle electromyographic (EMG) data were characterized based on the type of warning. The startle warning resulted in 49% faster and 80% greater EMG amplitude compared to the Directional and Non-Directional warnings after warning and before the impact. The post-impact peak EMG amplitudes in Unwarned trials were lower by 18 and 21% in the retraction and rebound muscle groups, respectively, compared to any of the warned conditions. When there was no warning before the impact, the retraction and rebound muscle groups also reached their maximum activation 38 and 54 ms sooner, respectively, compared to the warned trials. Based on these results, the intensity and complexity of information that a warning sound carries change the muscle response before and after a head impact and has implications for injury potential.

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“…While there is no doubt the muscles play a role in stabilizing the head, their relative contribution depends on impact severity and direction and is not always greatest. Thus, claims that neck muscle strengthening and anticipatory cocontraction reduce head motions following impact must be made cautiously, and should be compared against other factors such as head and neck orientation (4,25). Cervical spine ligaments are well studied in whiplash injuries and automotive crashes, and despite playing a large role in head and neck stability, they have received relatively little attention in head impact biomechanics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive cervical spine ligaments provide stability during head impacts

Kuo

Sheffels

Fanton

et al. 2019

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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It has been suggested that neck muscle strength and anticipatory cocontraction can decrease head motions during head impacts. Here, we quantify the relative angular impulse contributions of neck soft tissue to head stabilization using an OpenSim musculoskeletal model with Hill-type muscles and rate-dependent ligaments. We simulated sagittal extension and lateral flexion mild experimental head impacts performed on 10 subjects with relaxed or cocontracted muscles, and median American football head impacts. We estimated angular impulses from active muscle, passive muscle and ligaments during head impact acceleration and deceleration phases. During the acceleration phase, active musculature produced resistive angular impulses that were 30% of the impact angular impulse in experimental impacts with cocontracted muscles. This was reduced below 20% in football impacts. During the deceleration phase, active musculature stabilized the head with 50% of the impact angular impulse in experimental impacts with cocontracted muscles. However, passive ligaments provided greater stabilizing angular impulses in football impacts. The redistribution of stabilizing angular impulses results from ligament and muscle dependence on lengthening rate, where ligaments stiffen substantially compared to active muscle at high lengthening rates. Thus, ligaments provide relatively greater deceleration impulses in these impacts, which limit the effectiveness of muscle strengthening or anticipated activations.

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Dependency of Head Impact Rotation on Head-Neck Positioning and Soft Tissue Forces

Abstract: This analysis quantifies the importance of head positioning prior to impact, and may help to explain why other species are naturally more resilient to head impacts than humans.

Cited by 20 publications

References 49 publications

Multi-Directional Dynamic Model for Traumatic Brain Injury Detection

Multi-Directional Dynamic Model for Traumatic Brain Injury Detection

Cervical Muscle Activation Due to an Applied Force in Response to Different Types of Acoustic Warnings

Passive cervical spine ligaments provide stability during head impacts

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