Dependence on Temperature and Salinity Gradients and the Injection Rate of Co2 Storage in Saline Aquifers With an Angular Unconformity

Abstract

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The impact of heterogeneous mixed siliciclastic–carbonate systems on CO 2 geological storage

“…Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of several measures that could be used to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations while still using fossil fuels (Orr 2009;Benson and Surles 2006;Ennis-King and Paterson 2005;IPCC 2005), as economies transition to more sustainable energy sources (IEA 2019). The storage element of CCS refers to CO2 storage in geological media, mostly deep saline aquifers with high storage capacity (e.g., Pourmalek and Shariatipour 2019;Shariatipour et al 2016b;Celia et al 2015;Peters et al 2015;Chadwick et al 2008;Birkholzer et al 2009) and depleted oil and gas reservoirs (e.g., Dance 2013;Underschultz et al 2011;Vidal-gilbert et al 2010;Dance et al 2009). The risk of leakage of injected CO2 in geological media through leaky faults or abandoned wells is a concern (Bagheri et al 2018;Busch et al 2010;Michael et al 2010), particularly in the short-term when injected CO2 has not been immobilized.…”

“…CO2 is partially trapped beneath nine, relatively impermeable, intra-reservoir mudstone layers situated beneath the main caprock (Chadwick et al 2008;Bickle et al 2007), as depositional environments provide reservoir and seal combinations (stratigraphic trap) that can store CO2 effectively. The importance of realistic geological modelling to reduce the risks and uncertainties associated with CO2 storage in geological media has long been acknowledged (Pourmalek et al 2021;Newell et al 2019;Pourmalek and Shariatipour 2019;Newell and Shariatipour 2016;Shariatipour et al 2016bShariatipour et al , 2016aAshraf 2014;Ghanbari et al 2006;Hovorka et al 2004). The modelling of complex heterogeneity in subsurface permeability, controlled by sedimentary facies and diagenesis is difficult; however, it is a critical step in identifying uncertainties in fluid flow, storage capacity and security within stratigraphic traps (Ashraf 2014; Lengler et al 2010;Ambrose et al 2008;Flett et al 2007).…”