“…Unfortunately, in situ or remote sensing‐based aircraft observations of deep convective updrafts are costly, hazardous, and infrequent, having additional maximum aircraft altitude, endurance, and safety restrictions. Recently, profiling and scanning Doppler radar and/or multifrequency remote sensing techniques have also been suggested as partial solution to this absence of vertical air motion information within DCCs (e.g., Giangrande et al, 2016, 2013; Kollias et al, 2018; Kumar et al, 2015; May & Rajopadhyaya, 1996, 1999; North et al, 2017; Ovchinnikov et al, 2019; Ray et al, 1980; Williams, 2012). The modest spatiotemporal resolution O (1 km, <5 min), accuracy (often reported within 1–2 m/s in deep convective core regions for “instantaneous”/gate retrievals; e.g., Heymsfield et al, 2010), and availability for multiyear data sets are strengths for these methods.…”