Dependence of strength, elongation, and toughness on grain size in metallic structural materials

Li, S. X.; Cui, Guorong

doi:10.1063/1.2720184

Cited by 48 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For annealed material with polygonal grains, the basic Hall–Petch equation relating yield stress is expressed as:

σ = σ_{0} + k_{y} D^{- 1 / 2}

where σ 0 is the intrinsic strength of matrix phase due to various strengthening mechanisms, D is the effective grain size, k y (MPa · mm 1/2 ) is a constant pre‐factor, varying significantly with alloy contents and processing history . The fitted parameter σ 0 = 40 MPa is consistent with the earlier reports on ferritic steels, while the k y = 14 MPa mm 1/2 in the present work is lower than the value, that is, 20.5 MPa mm 1/2 reported earlier . The increase in k y for ferritic steels might be caused by the high defect density in the effective size of grains.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, it is reasonable to exert that the comparison of tensile properties among the annealing conditions will be unaffected by the choice of sample size. Recently, Galindo‐Nava et al proposed a new model to elaborate the correlation between strength and microstructure of steels. In their model, it was assumed that the increment in strengthening caused by the solid solution and dislocations was of the order of 5–10 MPa due to the clean matrix phase with recrystallized ferritic grains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced Grain Growth Behavior of Ferritic Steel during Continuous Cyclic Annealing

Hou

Babu

Xu³

et al. 2018

steel research int.

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Microstructural characterization as well as mechanical property determination of a cold-rolled ferritic steel subjected to isothermal and cyclic non-isothermal annealing, has been carried out by utilizing comprehensive experimental analysis. The findings show that the variables of cyclic annealing, that is, amplitude, ramp rate, and intermediate holding time exhibit a great effect on the grain growth kinetics and the evolution of grain boundaries. The resulting grain size of the cyclic annealed steel is mainly attributed to the following factors: 1) the accelerating effect in the grain growth behavior caused by the additional driving force available during cyclic annealing, which increases with increasing amplitude; 2) the retarding effect due to the low equivalent isothermal temperature. Furthermore, the formation of low Σcoincidence site lattice (ΣCSL) boundaries and the strength of γ-fiber texture are enhanced through the cyclic annealing compared to the isothermal annealing. The potential advantages of continuous cyclic annealing in the steel industry are explored, in comparison with the conventional isothermal and cyclic annealing with an intermediate soaking time.

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“…For annealed material with polygonal grains, the basic Hall–Petch equation relating yield stress is expressed as:

σ = σ_{0} + k_{y} D^{- 1 / 2}

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Grain Growth Behavior of Ferritic Steel during Continuous Cyclic Annealing

Hou

Babu

Xu³

et al. 2018

steel research int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…indicates that STS 316L parts with nearly full density can be produced by HIP process at both 1130 ℃ and 1200 ℃. lower elongation [22,23]. These characteristics were confirmed by the tensile tests results listed in Table 5.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 75%

Experimental and Simulation Analysis of Hot Isostatic Pressing of Gas Atomized Stainless Steel 316L Powder Compacts

Lin¹,

Ha²,

Shin³

et al. 2016

Korean J. Met. Mater.

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In this work, both experimental and numerical studies were conducted to investigate the densification behavior of stainless steel 316L (STS 316L) powders during hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and to characterize the mechanical properties of HIPed specimens. The HIP experiments were conducted with gas atomized STS 316L powders with spherical particle shapes under controlled pressure and temperature conditions. The mechanical properties of HIPed samples were determined based on a series of tensile tests, and the results were compared to a reference STS 316L sample prepared by the conventional process, i.e., extrusion and annealing process. Corresponding microstructures before and after tensile tests were observed using scanning electron microscopy and their relationships to the mechanical properties were addressed. Furthermore, a finite element simulation based on the power-law creep model was carried out to predict the density distribution and overall shape change of the STS316L powder compact during HIP process, which agreed well with the experimental results. † (

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“…The results showed that grain size, grain orientation and grain boundaries can be changed using SLHS. Most of important mechanical properties of metals such as yield stress, ductility and hardness can be changed by changing these 31 32 . So by changing the grain shape (size, orientation and boundaries) some changes are expected in final mechanical properties during laser melting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination and controlling of grain structure of metals after laser incidence: Theoretical approach

Dezfoli

Hwang

Huang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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There are serious questions about the grain structure of metals after laser melting and the ways that it can be controlled. In this regard, the current paper explains the grain structure of metals after laser melting using a new model based on combination of 3D finite element (FE) and cellular automaton (CA) models validated by experimental observation. Competitive grain growth, relation between heat flows and grain orientation and the effect of laser scanning speed on final micro structure are discussed with details. Grains structure after laser melting is founded to be columnar with a tilt angle toward the direction of the laser movement. Furthermore, this investigation shows that the grain orientation is a function of conduction heat flux at molten pool boundary. Moreover, using the secondary laser heat source (SLHS) as a new approach to control the grain structure during the laser melting is presented. The results proved that the grain structure can be controlled and improved significantly using SLHS. Using SLHS, the grain orientation and uniformity can be change easily. In fact, this method can help us to produce materials with different local mechanical properties during laser processing according to their application requirements.

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Dependence of strength, elongation, and toughness on grain size in metallic structural materials

Cited by 48 publications

References 16 publications

Enhanced Grain Growth Behavior of Ferritic Steel during Continuous Cyclic Annealing

Enhanced Grain Growth Behavior of Ferritic Steel during Continuous Cyclic Annealing

Experimental and Simulation Analysis of Hot Isostatic Pressing of Gas Atomized Stainless Steel 316L Powder Compacts

Determination and controlling of grain structure of metals after laser incidence: Theoretical approach

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