Deoxynivalenol Exposure Suppresses Adipogenesis by Inhibiting the Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma 2 (PPARγ2) in 3T3-L1 Cells

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON)—a type B trichothecene mycotoxin, mainly produced by the secondary metabolism of Fusarium—has toxic effects on animals and humans. Although DON’s toxicity in many organs including the adrenal glands, thymus, stomach, spleen, and colon has been addressed, its effects on adipocytes have not been investigated. In this study, 3T3-L1 cells were chosen as the cell model and treated with less toxic doses of DON (100 ng/mL) for 7 days. An inhibition of adipogenesis and decrease in triglycerides (TGs) were observed. DON exposure significantly downregulated the expression of PPARγ2 and C/EBPα, along with that of other adipogenic marker genes in 3T3-L1 cells and BALB/c mice. The anti-adipogenesis effect of DON and the downregulation of the expression of adipogenic marker genes were effectively reversed by PPARγ2 overexpression. The repression of PPARγ2′s expression is the pivotal event during DON exposure regarding adipogenesis. DON exposure specifically decreased the di-/trimethylation levels of Histone 3 at lysine 4 in 3T3-L1 cells, therefore weakening the enrichment of H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 at the Pparγ2 promoter and suppressing its expression. Conclusively, DON exposure inhibited PPARγ2 expression via decreasing H3K4 methylation, downregulated the expression of PPARγ2-regulated adipogenic marker genes, and consequently suppressed the intermediate and late stages of adipogenesis. Our results broaden the current understanding of DON’s toxic effects and provide a reference for addressing the toxicological mechanism of DON’s interference with lipid homeostasis.