Denudation history of Eastern Indian peninsula from apatite fission track analysis: Linking possible plume-related uplift and the sedimentary record

Sahu, Himansu S.; Raab, Matthias; Kohn, Barry P.; Gleadow, A. J. W.; Kumar, Devender

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.06.002

Cited by 16 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…This distribution suggests a complex denudation history that cannot be attributed to a single cooling event [ Gunnell et al ., ]. Similar denudation histories are recovered across eastern India with a late Cenozoic peak observed in the T ‐ t (temperature‐time) relationships derived from many samples [ Sahu et al ., ]. The inferred low geothermal gradient for India (i.e., 15 °C km −1 ) suggests that, for a stable geothermal profile, exhumation of 4.7–6.7 km is required to cool samples now found at the surface through their closure temperatures (i.e.,

110 \pm 10 ° C

, depending on cooling rate) [ Dodson , ; Roy and Rao , ; Agrawal and Pandey , ; Lisker et al ., ].…”

Section: Calibration and Testingmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…(a) Map of landscape response time, τ G , calculated from drainage catchments. Colored squares/circles = AFTA/AHe ages [ Gunnell et al ., ; Sahu et al ., ; Mandal et al ., ]; black box = location of Palghat Gap (Figure 14a); white circles = locations of AHe samples whose cooling histories are shown in Figures 14c–14e. (b) Calculated exhumation plotted as function of AFTA age.…”

Section: Calibration and Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cenozoic epeirogeny of the Indian peninsula

Richards

Hoggard

White

2016

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Peninsular India is a cratonic region with asymmetric relief manifest by eastward tilting from the 1.5 km high Western Ghats escarpment toward the floodplains of eastward‐draining rivers. Oceanic residual depth measurements on either side of India show that this west‐east asymmetry is broader scale, occurring over distances of > 2000 km. Admittance analysis of free‐air gravity and topography shows that the elastic thickness is 10 ± 3 km, suggesting that regional uplift is not solely caused by flexural loading. To investigate how Indian physiography is generated, we have jointly inverted 530 river profiles to determine rock uplift rate as a function of space and time. Key erosional parameters are calibrated using independent geologic constraints (e.g., emergent marine deposits, elevated paleosurfaces, uplifted lignite deposits). Our results suggest that regional tilt grew at rates of up to 0.1 mm a−1 between 25 Ma and the present day. Neogene uplift initiated in the south and propagated northward along the western margin. This calculated history is corroborated by low‐temperature thermochronologic observations, by sedimentary flux of clastic deposits into the Krishna‐Godavari delta, and by sequence stratigraphic architecture along adjacent rifted margins. Onset of regional uplift predates intensification of the Indian monsoon at 8 Ma, suggesting that rock uplift rather than climatic change is responsible for modern‐day relief. A positive correlation between residual depth measurements and shear wave velocities beneath the lithosphere suggests that regional uplift is generated and maintained by temperature anomalies of ±100 °C within a 200 ± 25 km thick asthenospheric channel.

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110 \pm 10 ° C

, depending on cooling rate) [ Dodson , ; Roy and Rao , ; Agrawal and Pandey , ; Lisker et al ., ].…”

Section: Calibration and Testingmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Calibration and Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cenozoic epeirogeny of the Indian peninsula

Richards

Hoggard

White

2016

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…A relatively large number (n = ∼150) of apatite fission track (AFT) ages exists for southern Peninsular India (supporting information Table S1 and Figure a) [ Gunnell et al ., ; Herman et al ., ; Kalaswad et al ., ; Sahu et al ., ]. The oldest age (411 ± 24 Ma) is located in the Nilgiri Plateau and the youngest age (49 ± 7 Ma) occurs at the southern tip of Peninsular India.…”

Section: Previous Thermochronological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to many other high‐elevation passive margins worldwide [e.g., Japsen et al ., ], the low‐lying coastal strip (Figure ), whose origin has been attributed to the eastward retreat of the WGE [ Gunnell and Harbor , ; Widdowson and Gunnell , ], stretches between the inland plateau, to the east, and the Arabian Sea coast, to the west. Earlier apatite fission track (AFT) study inferred ∼3–4 km of denudation along the coastal strip and ∼1.5–2.5 km of denudation on the inland plateau in the Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene times [ Gunnell et al ., ; Sahu et al ., ]. Offshore sediment mass balance analysis estimated ∼3 km of denudation close to the coast [ Campanile et al ., ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the context of assessing burial, exhumation, and hypsometric history of a landscape, thermochronometric methods are crucial to constrain the late cooling history of the exposed rocks. Earlier studies of long‐term denudation history in Peninsular India are mostly based on AFT analysis [ Gunnell et al ., ; Sahu et al ., ]. The AFT method alone cannot provide reliable constraints on cooling below 60–50°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phanerozoic surface history of southern Peninsular India from apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data

Mandal

Fellin

Burg

et al. 2015

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Quantifying bedrock cooling history is crucial for understanding the long‐term landform evolution across passive margins and its control onto the sediment routing system. To constrain the low‐temperature cooling history and its relationships to the Phanerozoic tectonic events of southern Peninsular India, we present new apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He (AHe) analyses of 39 Precambrian basement samples. The new AHe ages range from 38.1 ± 6.8 to 364.2 ± 44.6 Ma: they are younger than 50 Ma in the Palghat Gap region and older than 200 Ma in the interior of the Deccan Plateau. Thermal modeling based on AHe data indicates enhanced cooling and exhumation in the interior of the Deccan Plateau by Permian‐Triassic times followed by gradual cooling up to the Present. This discrete episode of Permian‐Triassic cooling is associated with continental extension that preceded the Early Jurassic breakup of Gondwana. Bedrock cooling and exhumation on the southeastern and southern limits of the Deccan Plateau was likely accomplished by Late Cretaceous drainage reorganization. The distribution of old (>200 Ma) AHe ages over the >2600 m high Nilgiri Plateau reflects very low erosion/exhumation rates and adds to examples of long‐lived postorogenic topography. The relatively younger AHe ages from the ∼30 km wide low mountain pass (Palghat Gap) within the Western Ghat Mountains attest for intense Cenozoic erosion likely facilitated by the erodible lithological backbone of the Neoproterozoic shear zone. AHe ages across the western coastal plain challenge the widely hold notion of ∼3 km of post‐breakup isostatic rebound in response to erosion of the margin. Instead, the new AHe data are more compatible with less than 1–1.5 km of crustal denudation along the coastal strip.

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Syn‐rift volcanism in the Barmer Basin: An intra‐basin extrusive complex at the northern limit of the Deccan volcanic province in India

Burley

Gould²,

Taylor

et al. 2022

Geological Journal

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The Raageshwari Volcanic Formation (RVF) is a volcanic complex in the southern part of the Barmer Basin, NW India, localized around a large rift centre horst block, the Central Basin High. The RVF comprises an initial sequence of acid igneous rocks, which are of ignimbritic origin, termed the Agni Member, overlain by a stacked sequence of basaltic lava flows interbedded with subordinate pyroclastic deposits, the Prithvi Member. Seismic data confirms that the volcanic complex has a conical overall geometry and a layered internal structure produced by successive and extensive flows of basalt and ignimbrite, very similar to that observed in the main Deccan lava outcrops along the western margin of India. U–Pb zircon ages near the top of the Agni Member in the Raageshwari‐26 well give an age of 68+/−2 Ma for a tephrite pyroclastic unit, whilst Ar–Ar analysis of a distal basalt containing phenocrysts of biotite from the Saraswati‐4 well gave an older robust Ar–Ar plateau age of 73.7 ± 1.4 Ma. A typical Deccan age of 67.9 ± 1.7 Ma was obtained from the isolated unaltered basaltic andesite in well NE‐South‐1. Due to depositional on‐lap onto the Central Basin High, the overlying alluvial Dandlawas and Fatehgarh formations are absent on the crest of the Central Basin High and Barmer Hill Formation lake sediments rest directly on the basalts. This relationship indicates that the volcanic cone was a structural or topographic high during deposition onto which the Fatehgarh and Barmer Hill formations lake sediments eventually on‐lapped. The RVF of the Barmer Basin along with the Deccan volcanics in the Cambay Basin, Narmada Rift and in Saurasthra are all developed within fault‐bounded rift basins, in which deep seated faults extend beneath the Deccan volcanic sequence. They are associated with thermal anomalies and thinned continental crust and the presence of a linear low velocity zone at ~100 km depth in the upper mantle region beneath the Barmer and Cambay basins. This is interpreted to be the position of the “conduit” through which plume head material passed through the upper mantle before arriving at the base of the Indian lithosphere. The RVF therefore appears to be an early eruption of differentiated ultrabasic magma from a shallow, secondary magma chamber produced by partial crustal melting.

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Denudation history of Eastern Indian peninsula from apatite fission track analysis: Linking possible plume-related uplift and the sedimentary record

Cited by 16 publications

References 73 publications

Cenozoic epeirogeny of the Indian peninsula

Cenozoic epeirogeny of the Indian peninsula

Phanerozoic surface history of southern Peninsular India from apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data

Syn‐rift volcanism in the Barmer Basin: An intra‐basin extrusive complex at the northern limit of the Deccan volcanic province in India

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