Dental pulp stem cells: Potential significance in regenerative medicine

Abstract

To date, three types of dental stem cells have been isolated: Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSC), Stem Cells From Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) and Immature Dental Pulp Stem Cells (IDPC). These dental stem cells are considered as mesenchymal stem cells. They reside within the perivascular niche of dental pulp. They are highly proliferative, clonogenic, multipotent and are similar to mesenchymal Bone Marrow Stem Cells (BMSC). Also, they have high plasticity and can be easy isolated. The expressions of the alkaline phosphatase gene, dentin matrix protein 1 and dentinsialophosphoprotein are verified in these cells. Analyses of gene expression patterns indicated several genes which encode extracellular matrix components, cell adhesion molecules, growth factors and transcription regulators, cell signaling, cell communication or cell metabolism. In both conditions, in vivo and in vitro, these cells have the ability to differentiate into odontoblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, neurons, melanocytes, smooth and skeletal muscles and endothelial cells. In vivo, after implantation, they have shown potential to differentiate into dentin but also into tissues like bone, adipose or neural tissue. In general, DPSCs are considered to have antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory abilities. After being grafted into allogenic tissues these cells are ableto induce immunological tolerance. Immunosuppressive effect is shown through the ability to inhibit proliferation of T lymphocytes. Dental pulp stem cells open new perspectives in therapeutic use not only in dentin regeneration, periodontal tissues and skeletoarticular, tissues of craniofacial region but also in treatment of neurotrauma, autoimmune diseases, myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy and connective tissue damages

A stem cell overview: From evolving hemobiological concepts to (auto)grafting in clinical practice

“…Compared to ESCs and induced pluripotent SCs (iP-SCs), mesenchymal stem cells/stromal cells (MSCs) have a high-quality therapeutic potential and safety profile [2][3][4][5][6]. The molecular and functional characteristics of the dental pulp make it an important source of dental pulp SCs, including adult MSCs [2,[34][35][36][37][38].…”

Dental Kök Hücre Kaynaklari Ve Kemi̇k Doku Rejenerasyonunda Kullanilma Potansi̇yelleri̇

“…Diş pulpası kök hücrelerinin özellikleri bu hücrelerin tedavi amaçlı uygulamalar açısından gerekli tüm nitelikleri taşımasını sağlamıştır. 39 İnsan diş pulpası kök hücrelerinin odontoblastlara, osteoblastlara, yağ hücrelerine, iskelet ve düz kas hücrelerine, endotel hücrelerine, kıkırdak hücrelerine ve sinir hücrelerine farklılaşabildiği gösterilmiştir. 15 Dental Epitelyal Kök Hücreler genç hayvanların üçüncü büyük azı dişlerinden elde edilip diş gelişiminde mezenkimal kök hücreler ile ilişkide olduğu gösterilmiştir.…”

Stem Cell-Based (Auto)Grafting: From Innovative Research Toward Clinical Use in Regenerative Medicine

“…Beside marrow (Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells -BMSCs), currently it is considered that dental pulp is practically the most approachable and the most important source of adult mesenchymal SCs [45][46][47] (Figure 2). Within the last decade, several populations of SCs from dental pulp were isolated and characterized: a) Dental Pulp Stem Cells -DPSC; b) cells from Human Exfoliated Decidual teeth -SHED; and c) Immature Dental Pulp Cells -IDPC [46,47]. These cells are of the ectomesenchymal origin, located in perivascular niche, highly proliferative, clonogenic, multipotent and similar to BMSCs.…”

“…Such research would fundamentally contribute to the better knowledge on the dental pulp SCs, which is necessary due to their potential clinical application in in vivo cell transplant, tissue engineering, and gene therapy (in vivo or ex vivo). Actually, by the isolation of IDPCs, which are the most primitive, but also the most plastic (similar to embryonic SCs) they are opening the new perspectives in a potential therapeutic application of these cells not only in regeneration of dentine, otherwise also the regeneration of periodontal and "bone-junction" tissue of craniofacial region, as well as in the therapy of neurotrauma, myocardial infarction and other tissue damages [46,47].…”