Dental diseases – are these examples of ecological catastrophes?

Marsh, Phillip

doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2006.00195.x

Cited by 286 publications

(405 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Whereas human-associated microorganisms were previously viewed at best as passive commensal tag-alongs or nuisances to be scrubbed or flossed away, we now recognize that the human oral, gut, skin, and uritogenital microbiota play critical roles in maintaining host health by performing essential functions in digestion and metabolism (Lozupone et al, 2012; Tremaroli and Backhed, 2012; Yatsunenko et al, 2012), vitamin production (LeBlanc et al, 2013), and immune system education and maintenance (Lee and Mazmanian, 2010; Hooper et al, 2012), as well as by restricting the colonization, growth, reproduction, and virulence expression of exogenous bacterial pathogens through resource competition (Brotman, 2011; Lozupone et al, 2012; Fitz-Gibbon et al, 2013). However, when challenged by poor diet, illness, stress, antimicrobial drugs, and other environmental disruptions, the ecology of the human microbiome can transition from a mutualistic to a dysbiotic state, contributing to local and systemic illnesses as varied as obesity, type II diabetes, irritable bowel disease, and colon cancer (Rose et al, 2007; Clemente et al, 2012; Devaraj et al, 2013), periodontal disease and dental decay (Marsh, 2003; Pihlstrom et al, 2005; Kumar et al, 2006; Aas et al, 2008), atherosclerosis and endocarditis (Scannapieco et al, 2003; Koren et al, 2011; Koeth et al, 2013), autism, anxiety, and depression (El-Ansary et al, 2013; Foster and Neufeld, 2013). …”

Section: The Human Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therapeutic courses of broad-spectrum antibiotics, for example, are known to disrupt gut and uritogenital microbiota (Jakobsson et al, 2010; Jernberg et al, 2010), where they may induce antibiotic-associated colitis and bacterial vaginosis, respectively (Willing et al, 2011). As a consequence, there is growing interest in probiotic and prebiotic therapies for treating disrupted microbiomes, but lack of basic knowledge on what constitutes a healthy microbiome, as well as a clearer understanding of the transmission and formation of healthy microbiota, are limiting factors in the development of these therapies (Marsh, 2003; Wade, 2010; Zarco et al, 2012). …”

Section: The Human Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This dietary shift has altered selection pressure on our microbiomes. For example, under the ‘ecological plaque hypothesis’, diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease are described as oral ecological catastrophes of cultural and lifestyle choices (Marsh, 2003). …”

Section: The Human Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

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Ancient human microbiomes

Warinner

Speller

Collins

et al. 2015

Journal of Human Evolution

134

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Very recently, we discovered a vast new microbial self: the human microbiome. Our native microbiota interface with our biology and culture to influence our health, behavior, and quality of life, and yet we know very little about their origin, evolution, or ecology. With the advent of industrialization, globalization, and modern sanitation, it is intuitive that we have changed our relationship with microbes, but we have little information about the ancestral state of our microbiome, and therefore, we lack a foundation for characterizing this change. High-throughput sequencing has opened up new opportunities in the field of paleomicrobiology, allowing us to investigate the evolution of the complex microbial ecologies that inhabit our bodies. By focusing on recent coprolite and dental calculus research, we explore how emerging research on ancient human microbiomes is changing the way we think about ancient disease and how archaeological studies can contribute to a medical understanding of health and nutrition today.

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Section: The Human Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Human Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ancient human microbiomes

Warinner

Speller

Collins

et al. 2015

Journal of Human Evolution

134

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“…Therefore, the oral microbiota may be influenced by alterations in the host environment, especially by changes in nutrient supply, local pH, and redox potential (1). One notable example is that the microbial community becomes more acidogenic in the presence of sugar (2). Endogenous salivary glycoconjugates become the most significant carbon source for oral microorganisms when an exogenous dietary carbon source is scarce.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Glycoside Hydrolase Activities in the Human Oral Cavity

Inui¹,

Walker

Dodds³

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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cCarbohydrate availability shifts when bacteria attach to a surface and form biofilm. When salivary planktonic bacteria form an oral biofilm, a variety of polysaccharides and glycoproteins are the primary carbon sources; however, simple sugar availabilities are limited due to low diffusion from saliva to biofilm. We hypothesized that bacterial glycoside hydrolase (GH) activities would be higher in a biofilm than in saliva in order to maintain metabolism in a low-sugar, high-glycoprotein environment. Salivary bacteria from 13 healthy individuals were used to grow in vitro biofilm using two separate media, one with sucrose and the other limiting carbon sources to a complex carbohydrate. All six GHs measured were higher in vitro when grown in the medium with complex carbohydrate as the sole carbon source. We then collected saliva and overnight dental plaque samples from the same individuals and measured ex vivo activities for the same six enzymes to determine how oral microbial utilization of glycoconjugates shifts between the planktonic phase in saliva and the biofilm phase in overnight dental plaque. Overall higher GH activities were observed in plaque samples, in agreement with in vitro observation. A similar pattern was observed in GH activity profiles between in vitro and ex vivo data. 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that plaque samples had a higher abundance of microorganisms with larger number of GH gene sequences. These results suggest differences in sugar catabolism between the oral bacteria located in the biofilm and those in saliva.T he oral cavity is a dynamic environment. For instance, both salivary flow and the level of exogenous dietary carbon sources increase during ingestion of food, whereas both are at a minimum during sleep. Therefore, the oral microbiota may be influenced by alterations in the host environment, especially by changes in nutrient supply, local pH, and redox potential (1). One notable example is that the microbial community becomes more acidogenic in the presence of sugar (2). Endogenous salivary glycoconjugates become the most significant carbon source for oral microorganisms when an exogenous dietary carbon source is scarce. Under those circumstances, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) play an important role in the adaptation of microorganisms (3-6). These CAZymes include glycosyltransferases and glycoside hydrolases (GHs). The type and availability of carbon sources also influence the development of biofilm at stages throughout the biofilm formation as microorganisms utilize the available carbon sources as nutrients, as building blocks for extracellular polysaccharide production, and as the point of attachment (7). We speculated that the breakdown of complex, endogenous carbohydrates by GH enzymes is one mechanism whereby oral microbes adapt to different carbon sources between the salivary planktonic phase, where exogenous simple sugars are generally more available, and the oral biofilm phase, where, in the absence of exogenous simple sugars, several alternative, more complex e...

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“…This is low in carbohydrates, containing mostly proteins and no sugars. Saccharolytic microorganisms thus have no advantage and, according to the ecological plaque hypothesis, will be outnumbered by proteolytic bacteria [6]. The environment is typically neutral or even slightly alkaline, as indicated by ammonia produced by ureolysis [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%