Dental Composites with Magnesium Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Prevent Secondary Caries in the Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Model

Abstract

Antibacterial restorative materials against caries-causing bacteria are highly preferred among high-risk patients, such as the elderly, and patients with metabolic diseases such as diabetes. This study aimed to enhance the antibacterial potential of resin composite with Magnesium-doped Zinc oxide (Mg-doped ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and to look for their effectiveness in the alloxan-induced diabetic model. Hexagonal Mg-doped ZnO NPs (22.3 nm diameter) were synthesized by co-precipitation method and characterized through ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The Mg-doped ZnO NPs (1, 2.5 and 5% w/w) were then evaluated for antibacterial activity using a closed system in vitro biofilm model. Significant enhancement in the antibacterial properties was observed in composites with 1% Mg-doped ZnO compared to composites with bare ZnO reinforced NPs (Streptococcus mutans, p = 0.0005; Enterococcus faecalis, p = 0.0074, Saliva microcosm, p < 0.0001; Diabetic Saliva microcosm, p < 0.0001). At 1–2.5% Mg-doped ZnO NPs concentration, compressive strength and biocompatibility of composites were not affected. The pH buffering effect was also achieved at these concentrations, hence not allowing optimal conditions for the anaerobic bacteria to grow. Furthermore, composites with Mg-doped ZnO prevented secondary caries formation in the secondary caries model of alloxan-induced diabetes. Therefore, Mg-doped ZnO NPs are highly recommended as an antibacterial agent for resin composites to avoid biofilm and subsequent secondary caries formation in high-risk patients.

Bioactive Dental Resin Composites with MgO Nanoparticles

“…Tang et al suggested that Mg 2+ could suppress the growth of type IV pili, attenuating bacterial adhesion and subduing biofilm formation mediated by twitching motility . Additionally, the dissolution of Mg 2+ into the medium produces hydrogen and magnesium hydrate, exerting a pH buffering effect and shifting it toward the physiological pH . This may help in disturbing cariogenic biofilm formation as well as inhibiting the decalcification of tooth hard tissue.…”

“…76 Additionally, the dissolution of Mg 2+ into the medium produces hydrogen and magnesium hydrate, exerting a pH buffering effect and shifting it toward the physiological pH. 77 This may help in disturbing cariogenic biofilm formation as well as inhibiting the decalcification of tooth hard tissue. However, other studies also reported that Mg 2+ and OH − had a very limited bacteriostasis effect on the death of S. mutans 78 and various pathogens.…”

Silymarin Encapsulated Liposomal Formulation: An Effective Treatment Modality against Copper Toxicity Associated Liver Dysfunction and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Wistar Rats

“…Multiple characterization techniques were conducted to assess particle size, shape, surface charge, drug encapsulation, and release efficiency of PEGylated SLNPs [ 53 ].…”