“…[9][10][11][12] However, the practical application of Pt-based catalysts faces significant challenges, including sluggish ORR and MOR kinetics, weak resistance to CO poisoning, incomplete methanol oxidation, and high production costs. 11,13 In DMPEMFCs, the performance of Pt active sites at the cathode side is crucially governed by both the activation capacity of O 2 and the adsorptive strength toward intermediates such as *OOH, *O, *OH, and *H. [14][15][16][17] Similarly, at the anode side, the kinetics of the MOR are controlled by the catalyst's ability to dissociate methanol and the adsorption strength of carboncontaining intermediates (e.g., CH x O y , CH x , and CO) and OH species. 1,[18][19][20][21] To address the limitations in ORR and MOR activity, numerous strategies have been proposed, including Pt alloying with cost-effective 3d metals (M), shape control, surface engineering (strain and/or vacancy), hollow structures, core-shell structures, and atomic Pt shell layers.…”