Density fluctuations in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions

Machine learning in nuclear physics at low and intermediate energies

“…For low-intermediate energy HICs, multifragmentation is an important mechanism since it is also related to the liquid-gas phase transition of finite nuclear system. Over the past several decades, the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition has been studied based on the heavy-ion collisions at intermediate and relativistic energies [117][118][119][120][121] and hadron-nucleus collisions at relativistic energies [122]. In Ref.…”

Phase Transition Study Meets Machine Learning

“…Many sophisticated probes that analyze the information of the reaction products have been proposed to recognize the liquid-gas phase transition of nuclei. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Recently, a specific effect from initial-state 𝛼-clustering configurations [35][36][37][38][39] on the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition was also discussed. [40] Since the nucleus is an uncontrollable system, its liquidgas phase transition is realized by tracing the effect of the spinodal instability on the reaction dynamics, e.g., by measuring the properties of the intermediate mass fragments (with charge number greater than 3).…”

“…Specifically, research of the phase transitions of nuclear matter governed by quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is crucial to our understanding of the nature of strong interactions and has burgeoned into a pivotal research area. [1,2] This includes explorations of, e.g., nuclear liquid-gas phase transition, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] as well as the phase structure of hot and dense QCD matter. [11][12][13] However, the non-perturbative nature of QCD, especially at low energies, makes information about phase transitions particularly elusive, often surpassing the capabilities of traditional theoretical methods.…”

School Mathematics Textbooks in China

“…From the QE scattering, the information of the nucleon momentum distribution n(k) can be extracted from the shape and width of the QE peak [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The high-momentum components of the momentum distributions offer insight into the nucleon-nucleon short-range (NN-SRC) effects [8], which play a vital role in comprehending the characteristics of matter at high densities, such as relativistic heavy-ion scattering and neutron stars [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”