Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Ethylene Glycol Oligomers

Hoffmann, Markus M.; Horowitz, Rachel H.; Gutmann, Torsten; Buntkowsky, Gerd

doi:10.1021/acs.jced.1c00101

Cited by 18 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(257 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, back-extrapolation to zero water content provides a property value of the pure, neat PEG that should be more accurate compared to attempting a measurement of the PEG sample dried as much as possible. In a prior study of ethylene glycol oligomers up to nonaethylene glycol, the effect of present water was observed to be small but non-negligible, linearly decreasing densities and viscosities and linearly increasing self-diffusion coefficients . In this study, the effect of present water on these three properties is found to be similarly small if not even less up to the measured water mass fractions, w , of about 0.02, which translates to a water mole fraction, x water , of about 0.15.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 48%

“…Furthermore, we took the same approach of dealing with the most common impurity in PEGs, i.e., water, as was done in this prior study of ethylene glycol oligomers, which is to inspect the dependence of the physical properties on known varying water contents. The physical property values of neat PEG are then obtained from extrapolations to zero water content . We note that while densities − and viscosities − ,− ,,,− ,,− of PEG200 have been reported numerous times, only few of these investigations stated the water content in PEG. ,,,, As we will show, the effect of present water on the reported physical properties is nearly absent for water mole fractions of up to 0.15.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In eq , I 0 is the reference spin-echo intensity in the absence of gradient, γ is the 1 H gyromagnetic ratio, Δ is the diffusion time, which was set to 0.1 s, and δ is the length of the sine-shaped gradient pulse, which was adjusted for each sample and temperature condition. From experience from prior studies, , the standard uncertainty of the self-diffusion coefficients is 0.2 × 10 –10 m 2 ·s –1 , which results in a relative standard uncertainty of up to 0.20 for the lowest temperature of 25 °C where the self-diffusion coefficients are the slowest.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, for PEG200, the average molar weight is 200 g·mol –1 . Densities, viscosities, and self-diffusion coefficients for ethylene glycol oligomers up to nonaethylene glycol were recently reported . Initially, the motivation for this study was to inspect by how much these same properties may vary from vendor to vendor and batch to batch for PEG200.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Several Polyethylene Glycols

Hoffmann

Kealy

Gutmann³

et al. 2021

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is increasingly used as an alternative green chemical solvent. New experimental measurements on density, viscosity, and self-diffusion coefficient are presented for PEG200, PEG400, and several binary mixtures of tri-and hexaethylene glycol covering a temperature range from 298.15 to 358.15 K. Because PEGs are polydisperse, the exact compositions of PEG200 from six different vendors are analytically determined and found to be comparable. Thus, only two of the most differing PEG200 samples are further examined. The effects of water as the most common impurity on densities, viscosities, and self-diffusion coefficients are inspected as well as the results of the "dry" samples obtained by extrapolation to zero water content. The obtained results are carefully compared to the available literature data. The temperature dependence of these physical properties is investigated and found to be linear for density, while viscosity and selfdiffusion coefficients follow the Arrhenius law. Attempts to calculate the properties of the binary mixtures and PEG200 samples from the mole fraction weighted average of the physical properties of the mixture components result in reasonable agreement. Agreement between calculated and measured molar volumes is within measurement uncertainty. Agreement of calculated and measured viscosities is mostly within a few percent but increases with decreasing temperature (largest viscosities) reaching values of up to 15%. Similarly, calculated and measured self-diffusion coefficients mostly agree within 20%, which is near the measurement uncertainty, but overestimates increase to 30% for the highest temperatures (largest self-diffusion coefficients).

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Several Polyethylene Glycols

Hoffmann

Kealy

Gutmann³

et al. 2021

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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“…Manisha et al synthesized polycyclic chromenoquinolone in CTAB/water hybrid system using ultrasound. (Scheme 65) [116].…”

Section: Ultrasound Synthesis Of Six Membered Heterocyclic Ringsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound assisted synthesis of 5–7 membered heterocyclic rings in organic molecules

Shabir

Shafique

Saeed

2022

Journal of Heterocyclic Chem

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Ultrasound synthesis is a powerful technique that is being used increasingly to accelerate organic reactions as a green synthetic approach. Ultrasonication has offered advantages over conventional methods in terms of enhanced yields, shorter reaction time, high selectivity and minimal side reaction. The current investigation is the review of papers published from 2016 to 2022 for the synthesis of organic heterocycles under the effect of ultrasound irradiation. It is a comprehensive compilation of sonochemical processes as a versatile technique to achieve synthesis of numerous organic scaffolds from simple carbocyclic compounds to complex and biologically active heterocyclic structural molecules. This review encompasses the examples of ultrasound supported synthetic reactions of multicomponent one pot processes as well as different steps flow synthesis. Ultrasound assisted synthesis have been proved as an ecofriendly and benign approach for the synthesis of 5-7 membered heterocyclic rings, with one to three hetero atoms. Moreover Ultrasound synthesis has offered excellent yield in a vast majority of reactions under mild conditions without involving complicated purification procedures.

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Hydration Numbers of Polyethylene Glycols Based on a New Viscosity Model

Abbasov

2023

ChemistrySelect

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Due to the high solubility in water and the structural compatibility of polyethylene glycol with water molecules, it is a good model system for studying the mechanisms of interaction between water and biopolymers. The behavior of biopolymers in living organisms strongly depends on the hydration of macromolecules in the aquatic environment. In this work the effective hydration numbers of polyethylene glycols are determined using a new viscosity model developed for electrolytes and experimental data on the viscosity of dilute aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycols (300–35000). The calculated hydration numbers are in good agreement with the literature data and increase with increasing molecular mass of polyethylene glycol: as the molecular mass increases, starting from a molecular mass of 1000, the chain begins to fold in on itself, forming segment‐segment interactions, trapping additional, more loosely bound water between the segments. Based on the dependence of the intrinsic viscosity on the molecular mass according to the Mark‐Houwink equation, it is shown that PEGs are the flexible polymers and highly soluble in water.

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Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Ethylene Glycol Oligomers

Cited by 18 publications

References 144 publications

Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Several Polyethylene Glycols

Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Several Polyethylene Glycols

Ultrasound assisted synthesis of 5–7 membered heterocyclic rings in organic molecules

Hydration Numbers of Polyethylene Glycols Based on a New Viscosity Model

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