“…The development of Information and Communication Technologies, as well as improvements in ambient intelligent technologies, such as sensors and smartphones, have led to the growth of smart environments [4, 5]. By using sensors, staff can save resources by recording and monitoring users or automatically reporting any unusual behaviour [4, 6, 7]. For instance, in payment systems, to ensure strong customer authentication, it is necessary to implement adequate security features based on authentication factors such as knowledge, possession, inherent, or biometric factors [8].…”